Learn Arabic in Hundred Step- Arabic Grammar

      In addition, a great many Active Participles have taken on specific concrete meanings and are used as (b) ordinary nouns such as:

(b)   کاتِبٌ ، عامِلٌ ، طالِبٌ ، حاکِمٌ ، باحِثٌ ، ساکِنٌ

      The third possible use of the active participle is what the Arab Grammarians call the circumstantial or Haal Construction.

حَضَرَتِ الطالبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ حامِلـَة ً کَتـُبَها.

   The student (f) came to class carrying her book.

103. The Derivation of the Active Participle.The Active Participle derivation pattern for verb Form I is usually فاعِل. For the other forms (II-X), the pattern is to prefix ( مـُ ) to the stem. The stem vowel on the second radical is always Kasra. An exception to that is for pattern IX, which has to be FatHa. Notice the following examples:

(IV، مُقبـِل ((III) ، مُساعِد (II) مُدرِّس

(VII)، مَنصَرِف )VI) ، مُتراسِل(V)مُتکـَلـِّم

(X)مُستـَقبـِل، (IX)، مُحمَرّ(VIII) مُستـَمِع

104. The nouns أبٌand أخٌwill take long vowel markers instead of the usual short vowels. This usage is restricted to two conditions: (a) as a first term of Idaafa or (b) when a possessive pronoun is attached to either of them.

(a)                          قابَلني أبو جاري.

قابَلتُ أبا جاري.

سَلـَّمتُ علی أبي جاري.

(b)                                 قابَلني أبوها.

قابَلتُ أباها.

سَلـَّمتُ علی أبيها.

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105. The Haal Construction . الحالAs indicated earlier the active participle can be used in the Haal Construction. It has to be indefinite and in the accusative case. It has to agree with the modified noun in number and gender. Also, you need to remember that the Haal could be a clause. Notice how the following sentence can be expressed.

حضَرَتِ الطالِبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ حامِلـَة ً کـُتـُبَها.

   The student (f) came to class carrying her book.

1. حضَرَتِ الطالِبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ وهي تـَحمِلُ کـُتـُبَها.

2. حضَرَتِ الطالِبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ تـَحمِلُ کـُتـُبَها.    

      You might have noticed that the verb of the Haal Clause has to be in the present indicative mood. Because the verb حَمَلَ is transitive, the active participle derived from it would take an object. That is why the noun کـُتـُبَهاin the sentence above is in the accusative case.

      Obviously, if a verb is intransitive, such as ضَحِكَ, the active participle will not require an object. Check the following sentence:

حَضَرَتِ الطالِبَة ُ إلی الصَّفِّ ضاحِکـَة ً.

The student (f) came to class smiling.

      You need to remember that whether the Haal Construction الحالis expressed by a verbal sentence or an equational sentence, the independent pronoun agrees with the noun modified by the .الحال

دَرَسَ العَرَبيَّة َ وهو صَغيرٌ.

He studied Arabic while he was little/young.

106. The Passive Participle إسم المَفعول is only derived from transitive verbs. The basic meaning of the passive participle is “undergoing or having undergone the action

indicated by the verb.” The most common use of the passive participle is as an adjective.

شاهَدتُ السَّيارةَ المَسروقـَة َ أمامَ مَکتبِ البَريدِ.

I saw the stolen car in front of the post office.

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Secondly, it can be used with غَيرُ as a second term of a fake Idaafa.

تَعتبـِرُها الجامِعَة ُ شخصاً غَيرَ مَرغوبٍ فيهِ.

               The university considers her an undesirable person.

      Thirdly, it can be used as a a regular noun.

مِنَ المَعروفِ أنَّ العَرَبَ ساهَموا مُساهَمَة ً عَظيمَة ً في الحَضارَةِ الأنسانيَّة ِ.

It is well known that the Arabs have greatly participated in the world civilization.

107. The Derivation of Passive Participle إسم المَفعول You may derive a passive participle for Form I by using the patternمَفعول . Examples are:

مُدَرِّس ، مَقروء ، مَکتوب ، مُستـَخدَم

      For the other forms, you replace the stem Kasra vowel with FatHa, as in:

مُقابَل ، مُکرَم ، مُحتـَرَم ، مَستـَخدَم

108. Negation Particle لـَيسَ(Revisited). In rule # 22, it was mentioned that any form of لـَيسَis used to negate Equational Sentences.We also said in rule # 62 that present tense verbal sentences are negated by using لا . Please check the following sentences:

نـَعرِفُ أنَّ السَّادات کانَ واحِداً من أبطالِ الثورةِ المصريَّةِ.

We know that Sadaat was one of the heros of the Egyptian revolution.

لا نـَعرِفُ أنَّ السَّادات کانَ واحِداً من أبطالِ الثورةِ المصريَّةِ.

We don’t know that Sadaat was one of the heros of the Egyptian revolution.

      If, however, the same sentence starts with a pronoun subject, Arabic allows you to negate it with لـَيسَ . In fact, this form of negation is pretty strong.

نـَحنُ نـَعرِفُ أنَّ السَّادات کانَ واحِداً من أبطالِ الثورةِ المصريَّةِ.

لـَسنا نـَعرِفُ أنَّ السَّادات کانَ واحِداً من أبطالِ الثورةِ المصريَّةِ.

109. The Accusative of Distinction (Revisited) ألتمييز . In point # 48 we mentioned that کـَم,which means “how many,” should always be followed by an idefinite noun

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in the accusative case. Arab Grammarians called this noun التمييز العَدَدي“The Distinction of Number.” Consider the following example:

قـَرأتُ عِشرينَ کِتاباً خِلالَ العُطلـَةِ.

   I read twenty books during the break.

      The underlined word could be articles, reports, magazines, charts, etc.

      There is another form of this accusative noun which deals with kind/type. It is called      .التمييز النوعي Usually it is an indefinite singular noun/verbal noun which has the meaning of “with respect to, in terms of, as to,” and thus involves some level of comparison.

هي أکثرُ الطلابِ استِعداداً للأمتحانِ.

As to preparedness for the exam, she is the most among all students.

      However, it is not necessary that the accusative of distinction is limited to expressing comparison. Consider the following sentence:

مَلأتِ الأمُّ البَيتَ سَعادَةً.

The mother filled the house (with) happiness.

110. Particles of Exception . أدوات الأستثناء This category includes:

إلاَّ ، عَدا ، حاشا ، سِوی ، خَلا

      A noun that follows any of the above has to be in the accusative case. Examples are:

a. with an intransitive verb:

جاءَ الطلابُ إلاَّ خالِداً.

The students came, except for Khalid.

       b. with a transitive verb:

      زارَ الطلابُ المَتحَفَ إلاَّ خالداً

The students visited the museum, except for Khalid.

      However, if the verb is negated and the semantics of the sentence imply that the noun which follows إلاَّis the one who performed the verb’s act, then Arabic allows you to put that noun in the nominative case.

لـَمْ يَذهَبِ الطلابُ إلی المَتحَفِ إلاَّ خالدٌ.

The students did not go to the museum, except for Khalid.

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111. The Accusative of Purpose المفعول لأجله  is an indefinite, singular verbal noun in the accusative case. It gives informationabout why the action/verb is done. It can always be an answer to the question word .لماذاConsider the following sentences:

قامَ الطلابُ.

The students stood up.

لِماذا قامَ الطلابُ؟

Why did the students stand up?

قامَ الطلابُ احتِراماً للأستاذِ.

The students stood up in respect for the professor.

112. The Absolute Negation. It was mentioned earlier that one has to use some form of لَيسَ to negate the Arabic equational sentence. However, Arab grammarians have also defined a rather “strong” semantic environment where you have to useÍ instead. They called this method لا النافية للجِنس. Check the following examples:

1. There is a man in the house.            في البَيتِ رَجُلٌ.

2. There is no man in the house. لـَيسَ في البَيتِ رَجُلٌ.

3. There is a no man in the house.   لا رَجُلَ في البَيتِ.

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Functional Arabic Verbs List

Depending on the type of the verb used in a sentence, there are three patterns of Arabic Verbal Sentences.

1. Basically, a transitive verb needs an object, and the pattern is:

(Option. Adv. Ph. 3) +(Op. Adv. 2) +(Op. Adv. Ph. 1) + Object + Subject+ Verb

طَبَخَت والدتي وَجبَة ً لذيذةٍ بسُرعَةٍ (في مَطبَخِها) قَبلَ ساعَةٍ.

                                 1           2             3

My mother cooked a delicious meal in her kitchen an hour ago.

Optional means that you can have 1, 2 ,3, or NONE of those adverbial phrases. The order depends on what you want to emphasize. The most important comes last.

2. An intransitive verb does not need an object, and the pattern is:

(Op. Adv. Ph. 3) +(Op. Adv. 2)+(Op. Adv. Ph. 1) + Subject+ Verb

جَلسَتْ اُختي وَحيدَة ً في غُرفتِها طولَ اليَومِ.

My sister sat by herself in her room all day long.

3. If the intransitive verb takes a preposition the pattern is:

(Op. Adv. Ph. 1) + Object of the Prep. + Preposition + Subject+ Verb

ذهَبَ أخي إلی المکتـَبَةِ مَنذ ُ ساعَةٍ.

My brother went to the library since an hour.

Please note the following :

* Indicates a “sick verb” which means that there is a long vowel among the 3 Radical Letters of its root.

** Indicates a double end “Shadda Verb.”

Both types behave a little bit different from the regular verbs when theyare conjugated to the various subject pronouns.