Learn Arabic in Hundred Step- Arabic Grammar
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71. کـَلُّ ، بَعضُare nouns and when used before another noun they create an Idaafa (a). If, however, they are used after a noun, they will be emphatic for that proceeding noun, and will carry its case and its identical pronoun reference (b).
a. تـَعلـَّمنا کـُلَّ جُملِ الدَّرسِ.
b. تـَعلـَّمنا جُمَلَ الدَّرسِ کـُلـَّها/ کـُلـَّهُ.
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72. The Plural Vocatives أيـُّها and . أيـَّتـُها You have already been introduced to the vocative يا, which is used with singular nouns and, therefore, could be followed by a proper noun, a title, or an Idaafa, regardless of the gender.
يا سميرُ! ، يا أستاذةُ! ، يا مَديرَ المکتـَبِ!
The plural forms show gender distinction and, therefore, Arabic has أيـُّهاfor the masculine and أيـَّتـُهاfor the feminine. The pluralvocative should be followed by a noun with the definite article in the nominative case.
أيُّها الطلاَّبُ! أيَّتـُها الطالباتُ!
73. It was mentioned earlier that the Masculine Sound Plural (MSP) is formed by suffixing ( ونَ ) for the nominative case, and ( ـينَ ) for the accusative and genitive cases, to the singular form of the noun.
موَظـَّفٌ – موَظـَّفونَ / موَظـَّفينَ
The final ( ـنَ ) of this kind of plural is dropped when such a noun takes the position of a first term ofIdaafa. This rule applies regardless of the case of the noun, whether it is nominative, accusative, or genitive.
موَظـَّفو الجامعةِ / موَظـَّفي الجامعةِ
the university employees (N and A & G)
74. Negation of the Future Tense (Revisited). When the future verb is marked by ( سَـ ) the negation particle that is used should be لنْ followed by the verb in the subjunctive mood.
لنْ أذهَبَ إلی البَيتِbecomes سأذهَبُ إلی البَيتِ
If the future tense is marked by سَوفَ then such a construction may be made negative by placing لاbefore the imperfect indicative verb.
سوفَ لا أذهبُ إلی البيتِbecomes سوفَ أذهبُ إلی البَيتِ
75. Verbs with Two Objects. Among verbs that take two objects is a group that means “to give/to grant.” Consider the following example:
أعطتِ المرأةُ بِنتـَها هديَّة ً.
The woman gave her daughter a present.
The direct object is هديَّة and the indirect object is بِنتـَها
76. The Semi-Diptotes is another category that includes colors, the elative patterns of adjectives and some broken plural patterns. They behave like Diptotes and, therefore, they do not take Nunation and they take the accusative marker for the genitive case.
The ruler is on a green book. ألمِسطرَةُ علی کتابٍ أخضرَ.
They (m) study in private schools. يُدَرِّسونَ في مَدارسَ خاصَّةٍ.
I talked to a girl who was taller than her sister.تکلـَّمتُ مع بنتٍ أطولَ من أختِها.
However, they can take the definite article. When they do, they behave like regular nouns or adjectives.
ألمِسطرَةُ علی الکتابِ الأخضرِ.
يُدَرِّسونَ في المَدارس ِ الخاصَّةِ.
.تکلـَّمتُ مع البنتِ الأطول ِ من أختِها
77.کانَ& her Sisters (أصبحَ ، بَقيَ ، ما زالَ ، ظلَّ ، صارَ ، لـَيسَ), which usually go with equational sentences, leave the subject in its nominative case but change the inflected predicate to the accusative case.
The food was delicious. کان الأکلُ لذيذاً.
The food is not delicious. لـَيسَ الأکلُ لذيذاً.
You know that equational sentences refer to present time. The equivalent in past time is expressed by using the verbکانَ .
78. Nouns are said to be in Apposition البَدَلto another noun when you can drop off any of them without affecting the semantics ofthe sentence. Grammatically and logically speaking, both of the nouns should carry the same case marker.
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کانَ الخليفة ُ عُمَرُ عادلاً.
The Caliph Omar was fair.
79. The Moody Present Tense. Present tense verbs are said to be in the Indicative Mood. However, verbs which express hope, desire, purpose, like, dislike, doubt, fear, uncertainty, obligations, etc., change their mood from the regular Indicative to the Subjunctive. That also requires that they should follow one of the Subjunctive particles, such as . لکي ، کيلا ، لـِ ، أن ، لـَن ، حتـَّی ، کي Note the purpose expressed in the following sentence:
ذهبتُ إلی المکتبَةِ لأدرُسَ هُناكَ .
I went to the library so that I would study there.
80. In the Subjunctive Mood of the Arabic verb, the final (نَ ) of the third person masculine plural is dropped and replaced by a silent ( ا) .
they (m) go يَذهبونَ
in order for them (m) to go لِيذهبوا
In addition to ( لِـ),other particles of subjunctivity which express purpose/intention and, thus, mean “in order to, so that.”include حتـَّی ، کي ، لکي.
سافروا إلی مصرَ لِيدرسوا هُناكَ .
They (m) traveled to Egypt in order to study there.
The original form of the underlined verb is (يدرسونَ)
Please note that the final (نَ ) of the second person feminine singular should also be dropped, but without replacement with silent ( ا ).
you (f.s.) study تـَدرُسينَ
so that you (f.s.) study لکي تـَدرَسي
سافرتِ إلی مصرَ لکي تـَدرُسي هُناكَ .
You (f.s.) traveled to Egypt in order to study there.
The original form of the underlined verb is (تَدرُسينَ)
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81. The most common subjunctive particle in Arabic is probably أنْ , which usually sits between two verbs referring to the same or a different person, and thus, functioning something like theinfinitive in English. If you examine the sentence carefully, you will notice that أنْ introduces a subordinate clause which functions as an object for the main verb.
اُريدُ أنْ أذهَبَ إلی المصرفِ.
I want to go to the bank.
82. It has been mentioned earlier that ما can be used as a question word and as a negation particle for the verb in past tense. In addition, it can be used to be as a part of a nominalizer as in:
قابلتـَهَ عندما سَکنَ في هذا البَيتِ.
I met him when he lived in this house.