Arabic Plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun

Arabic Plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun Introduction –مُقَدِّمَةٌ In this lesson we will learn the following things, In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing): o We will learn the plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun for the masculine and feminine nouns. English Transliteration Demonstrative noun (Arabic) Singular / Plural (Arabic) Masculine / Feminine (Arabic) Grammatical Term This (masculine) /Hādhā/ هَذَا الْمُفْرَدُ الْمُذَكَّرُ أَسْمَاءُ الإِشَارَةِ الْقَرِيبَةِ These /Hā’ulā’i/ هَؤُلاءِ الْجَمْعُ This (feminine) /Hādhihi/ هَذِهِ الْمُفْرَدُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ These /Hā’ulā’i/ هَؤُلاءِ الْجَمْعُ We will learn the two kinds of plural forms of the nouns and adjectives: Sound Plural جَمَعٌ سَالِمٌ English Transliteration Arabic Word Singular / Plural (Arabic) Masculine / Feminine (Arabic) A teacher (masc.) /Mudarrisun/ مُدَرِّسٌ الْمُفْرَدُ الْمُذَكَّرُ Teachers (masc.) /Mudarrisūna/ مُدَرِّسُونَ الْجَمْعُ A lady teacher (fem.) /Mudarrisatun/ مُدَرِّسَةٌ الْمُفْرَدُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ Lady teachers (fem.) /Mudarrisātun/ مُدَرِّسَاتٌ الْجَمْعُ § Broken Plural جَمَعُ تَكْسِيرٍ: English Transliteration Arabic Singular / Plural (Arabic) Masculine / Feminine (Arabic) A book /Kitābun/ كِتَابٌ الْمُفْرَدُ الْمُذَكَّرُ Books /Kutubun/ كُتُبٌ الْجَمْعُ A garden /Hadīqatun/ حَدِيقَةٌ الْمُفْرَدُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ Gardens /Hada’iqun/ حَدَائِقُ الْجَمْعُ Continued In this part of the lesson we will learn the plural form of the Demonstrative Pronouns In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing) for objects that are nearby ("these") and objects that are further away ("those"). In the previous lessons we have already learnt the following demonstrative Pronouns: Lesson No. 1 section 1 states that هَذَا is the Demonstrative Pronoun used to refer to closer objects representing masculine nouns ("this") Lesson No. 6 section 2 states that هَذِهِ is the Demonstrative Pronoun used to refer to closer objects representing feminine nouns. ("this") The plural form of these Demonstrative Pronouns is the same for the masculine and feminine nouns i.e. English Transliteration Demonstrative Pronoun (Arabic) Singular / Plural (Arabic) Masculine / Feminine (Arabic) Grammatical Term This (masculine) /Hādhā/ هَذَا الْمُفْرَدُ الْمُذَكَّرُ أَسْمَاءُ الإِشَارَةِ الْقَرِيبَةِ These /Hā’ulā’i/ هَؤُلاءِ الْجَمْعُ This (feminine) /Hādhihi/ هَذِهِ الْمُفْرَدُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ These /Hā’ulā’i/ هَؤُلاءِِ الْجَمْعُ The plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun for the close objects is هَؤُلاءِ. It is an indeclinable word and always takes a /kasrah/. It must however be remembered that هَؤُلاءِ is used only for human beings and not for non human beings. Let’s take some examples for a better understanding of the rule: Picture English Arabic Singular: This is a teacher Plural: These are teachers الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا مُدَرِّسٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ مُدَرِّسُونَ. Singular: This is a female student Plural: These are female students الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ طَالِبَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ طَالِبَاتٌ. Singular: This is an engineer Plural: These are engineers الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا مُهَنْدِسٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ مُهَنْدِسُونَ. Singular: This is a lady teacher Plural: These are lady teachers الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ مُدَرِّسَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ مُدَرِّسَاتٌ. Singular: This is a farmer Plural: These are farmers الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا فَلاحٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ فَلاحُونَ. Singular: This is a female colleague Plural: These are female colleagues الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ زَمِيلَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ زَمِيْلاتٌ. Singular: This is hard working Plural: These are hard working الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذَا مُجْتَهِدٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ مُجْتَهِدُونَ. Singular: This is a wife Plural: These are wives الْمُفْرَدُ: هَذِهِ زَوْجَةٌ. الْجَمْعُ: هَؤُلاءِ زَوْجَاتٌ. Continued In this section, we will learn the plural form of nouns and Adjectives In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing). In English, adjectives have no plural form. So when an adjective is used to describe a singular noun, the same word is used to describe the plural noun e.g., if we say "Good boy" for a singular noun then in the same manner we say "Good boys" for the plural nouns. In Arabic however even the adjectives have plural form, e.g., when we express the quality of a teacher by saying مُدَرِّسٌ جَيِّدٌ (A good teacher), it will become مُدَرِّسُونَ جَيِّدُونَi.e., Good teachers for the plural nouns. So the noun as well as the adjective becomes plural and both change form. English and Arabic both have two kinds of plural: Sound Plurals Broken Plurals The Sound Plural is the plural form of a word in which the word keeps its original form and is simply extended: E.g., For English Nouns Chair ======> Chairs School ======> Schools Girl ======> Girls For Arabic Nouns and Adjectives: صَائِمٌ ====== صَائِمُونَ People fasting ========== A person fasting مُدَرِّسَةٌ ====== مُدَرِّسَاتٌ Female teachers ========== A female teacher مُجْتَهِدٌ ====== مُجْتَهِدُونَ Hard workers ========== A hard worker صَغِيرَةٌ ====== صَغِيرَاتٌ Small things (feminine) ========== A small thing (feminine) In Arabic, the sound plural is either masculine or feminine. In order to convert a singular masculine noun or adjective to plural the following steps should be taken: The /tanwīn/ on the last letter of the indefinite word is replaced with the single vowel of the equivalent - i.e. single /đammah/ (when in nominative case), single /fatħah/ (when in accusative case) and single /kasrah/ (when in genitive case) ونَ is added at the end of the word if it is in nominative case with a /đammah/ and ينَ is added if the word is in accusative with a /fatħah/ or genitive case with a /kasrah/. However if the word is definite, then simply ونَ is added at the end of the word if it is in nominative case and ينَ is added if the word is in accusative or genitive case. Please see below - please take note of the colour coding to emphasise the changed and additional letters to make the words into sound plurals: هَذَا صَائِمٌ ====== هَؤُلاءِ صَائِمُونَ These are fasting ========== This is fasting رَأَيْتُ مُدَرِّسًا ====== رَأَيْتُ مُدَرِّسِينَ I saw teachers ========== I saw a teacher أَنَا مَعَ مُسْلِمٍ ====== أَنَا مَعَ مُسْلِمِينَ I am with Muslims ========== I am with a Muslim الْمُهَنْدِسُ ====== الْمُهَنْدِسُونَ The engineers ========== The engineer مُحَمَّدٌ مَعَ الْفَلاحِ ===== مُحَمَّدٌ مَعَ الْفَلاحِينَ Muhammad is with the farmers ===== Muhammad is with the farmer زُرْتُ الْمُهَنْدِسَ ====== زُرْتُ الْمُهَنْدِسِينَ I visited the engineers ========== I visited the engineer Let’s take some examples to understand this rule: Picture English Arabic This is a Muslim هَذَا مُسْلِمٌ. These are Muslims هَؤُلاءِ مُسْلِمُونَ. I saw an inspector رَأَيْتُ مُفَتِّشًا. I saw inspectors رَأَيْتُ مُفَتِّشِينَ. He is with a supervisor هُوَ مَعَ مُوَجِّهٍ. He is with supervisors هُوَ مَعَ مُوَجِّهِينَ. The person who fasts الصَّائِمُ The people who fast الصَّائِمُونَ I saw the teacher رَأَيْتُ الْمُدَرِّسَ. I saw the teachers رَأَيْتُ الْمُدَرِّسِينَ. I am with the instructor أَنَا مَعَ الْمُعَلِّمِ. I am with the instructors أَنَا مَعَ الْمُعَلِّمِينَ. Continued In order to convert a singular feminine noun or adjective to plural the following steps should be taken: The last letter ة of the feminine word is replaced with ات صَغِيرَةٌ ====== صَغِيرَاتٌ Small things (feminine) ========== A small thing (feminine) مَعَ مُدَرِّسَةٍ ====== مَعَ مُدَرِّسَاتٍ With female teachers ========== With a female teacher الْمُهَنْدِسَةُ ====== الْمُهَنْدِسَاتُ The female engineers ========== The female engineer Let’s take some examples to understand this rule: Picture English Arabic A female instructor is in the house فِي الْبَيْتِ مُعَلِّمَةٌ. Female instructors are in the house فِي الْبَيْتِ مُعَلِّمَاتٌ. This female student is hard working هَذِهِ الطَّالِبَةُ مُجْتَهِدَةٌ. These female students are hard working هَؤُلاءِ الطَّالِبَاتُ مُجْتَهِدَاتٌ. I went with a female engineer ذَهَبْتُ مَعَ مُهَنْدِسَةٍ. I went with female engineers ذَهَبْتُ مَعَ مُهَنْدِسَاتٍ. Khalida visited a female scholar زَارَتْ خَالِدَةُ عَالِمَةً. Khalida visited female scholars زَارَتْ خَالِدَةُ عَالِمَاتٍ. Continued The Broken Plural is the plural form of a word in which the original form of the word is changed to a great extent - i.e. it is a change in the word rather than an extension of the word: o E.g. For English Nouns § Man ======> Men § Woman ======> Women In Arabic, a word is generally formed on the pattern of three basic letters /fa/ فَ, /ξa/ عَ, and /la/ لَ - /fa ξa la/ فَعل i.e. نَجْمٌ ,جَبَلٌ etc. Unlike in English, the broken plural is very widely used in Arabic. There are more than twenty patterns of the broken plural. For example "A word falls into one of a number of 'patterns'. Once we know the pattern group that a word belongs to, we know how the word will change in plural form. This is done by mapping each letter of the word in the singular form to it's plural form and may involve adding letters to the word in the process." We will cover what we mean by pattern and how we are using the middle column (below) a bit later In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing). Some of these patterns are given below: Plural Pattern Singular نُجُومٌ (Stars) فُ – عُ – و – لٌ فُعُولٌ نَجْمٌ (A star) كُتُبٌ (Books) فُ – عُ – لٌ فُعُلٌ كِتَابٌ (A book) جِبَالٌ (Mountains) فِ – عَ – ا – لٌ فِعَالٌ جَبَلٌ (Mountain) حُجَّاجٌ (Pilgrims) فُ – عَّ – ا – لٌ فُعَّالٌ حَاجٌّ (A pilgrim) أَقْلامٌ (Pens) أَ – فْ – عَ – ا – لٌ أَفْعَالٌ قَلَمٌ (A pen) زُمَلاءُ (Colleagues) فُ – عَ – لَ – ا – ءُ فُعَلاءُ زَمِيلٌ (A colleague) أَطِّبَاءُ (Doctors) أَ – فْ – عِ – لَ – ا – ءُ أَفْعِلاءُ طَبِيبٌ (A Doctor) إِخْوَةٌ (Brothers) فِ – عْ – لَ – ةٌ فِعْلَةٌ أَخٌ (Brother) Continued There are no specific rules or patterns for the formation of the Broken Plural of the feminine nouns or adjectives. The feminine nouns are mostly sound plurals. However some of the Broken Plurals of the feminine nouns are given below but they have no specific patterns: Picture Plural Singular بَنَاتٌ (Girls) بِنْتٌ (A girl) أَخَوَاتٌ (Sisters) أُخْتٌ (Sister) فَتَيَاتٌ (Young ladies) فَتَاةٌ (Young lady) الْنِّسَاءُ (Women) -Plural from a different root امرَأَةٌ - الْمَرْأَةُ (Woman) Revision – مُرَاجَعَةٌ In this lesson we have learnt the following things: The plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun for the masculine and feminine nouns. Sound Plural. Broken Plural. Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ The plural الْجَمْعُ The singular الْمُفْرَدُ Sound plural جَمْعٌ سَالِمٌ These هَؤُلاءِ Lady teachers مُدَرِّسَاتٌ Teachers (masc.) مُدَرِّسُونَ Books كُتُبٌ Broken plural جَمْعُ تَكْسِيرٍ Female students طَالِبَاتٌ Gardens حَدَائِقُ Farmers فَلاحُونَ Engineers مُهَنْدِسُونَ Grand daughter حَفِيدَةٌ Wives زَوْجَاتٌ Lady instructors مُعَلِّمَاتٌ Hotel فُنْدُقٌ Lady doctors طَبِيبَاتٌ Muslims مُسْلِمُونَ Person who fasts صَائِمٌ Good جَيِّدُونَ Hard working مُجْتَهِدُونَ People who fast صَائِمُونَ An investigator مُفَتِّشٌ Small صَغِيرَاتٌ Supervisor مُوَّجِهُونَ Investigators مُفَتِّشُونَ Hard working (females) مُجْتَهِدَاتٌ Instructors مُعَلِّمُونَ Female scholars عَالِمَاتٌ Female scholar عَالِمَةٌ Mountain / Mountains جَبَلٌ جِبَالٌ Star / Stars نَجْمٌ نُجُومٌ Pen / Pens قَلَمٌ أَقْلامٌ Pilgrim / Pilgrims حَاجٌّ حُجَّاجٌ Brother / Brothers أَخٌ إِخْوَةٌ Doctor / Doctors طَبِيبٌ أَطِبَّاءُ Young man / young men فَتًى فِتْيَةٌ Short قَصِيرٌ قِصَارٌ Name / Names اسْمٌ أَسْمَاءٌ New جَدِيدٌ جُدُدٌ Student / Students طَالِبٌ طُلابٌ Tall طَوِيلٌ طِوَالٌ A guest / Guests ضَيْفٌ ضُيُوفٌ Son / Sons اِبْنٌ أَبْنَاءٌ Merchant / Merchants تَاجِرٌ تُجَّارٌ Man / Men رَجُلٌ رِجَالٌ Boy / Boys وَلَدٌ أَوْلادٌ Learned man / Learned Men شَيْخٌ شُيُوخٌ Elder / Elders كَبِيرٌ كِبَارٌ Paternal uncle / Paternal uncles عَمٌّ أَعْمَامٌ Rich غَنِيٌّ أَغْنِيَاءُ Poor فَقِيرٌ فُقَرَاءُ Friend / Friends صَدِيقٌ أَصْدِقَاءُ Farm / Farms حَقْلٌ حُقُولٌ Woman / Women اِمْرَأَةٌ نِسَاءٌ Husband / Husbands زَوْجٌ أَزْوَاجٌ Sister / Sisters أُخْتٌ أَخَوَاتٌ Girl / Girls بِنْتٌ بَنَاتٌ Young lady / Young ladies فَتَاةٌ فَتَيَاتٌ The woman / The women الْمَرْأَةُ الْنِّسَاءُ

Arabic Plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun

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