Arabic Past Tense Verb 3

LESSON 3 ا ل فِ ع ل اُل ماضِى Past Tense Verb In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, فَ عَلَُ means “he (S/M) did,” فَ عَلََُ means “they (D/M) did,” فَ عَلُوْا means “they (P/M) did,” and فَ عَلَتُْ means “she (S/F) did.” These verbs are in active voice (فِعْلٌُ مَعْرُوْفٌُ ). In Arabic, each verb form is called صِيْ غَةٌُ (seeghah). Looking at the table below, we can see that there are fourteen seeghahs in it. Each of these seeghahs has a name. This name identifies, whether it is singular, dual or plural, whether it is masculine or feminine, and whether it is first person, second person or third person. In Arabic, the words for singular, dual and plural are وَاحِدٌُ , تَ ثُْنِيَةٌُ , and جَْْعٌُ , respectively. Thus, singular masculine of the third person will be called وَاحِدٌُ مُُذَكَّرٌ غَُائِبٌُ in Arabic. Dual masculine of the third person will be called تَ ثُْنِيَةٌُ مُُذَكَّرٌ غَُائِبٌُ , and plural masculine of the third person will be called جَْْعٌُ مُُذَكَّرٌ غَُائِبٌُ , and so on. In the case of the first person, because the gender is not identified, and there is no separate seeghah for dual, therefore, the two seeghahs, singular first person and plural first person will be called وَاحِدٌ مُُتَكَلُِّمٌُ and جَْْعٌ مُُتَكَلُِّمٌُ , respectively. We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings. Table 3.1 Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice ( ا ل فِ ع ل اُل ماضِى اُ ل م ع ر و فُ ) Now, to change these verbs into passive voice, follow the following procedure. Put a dammah on the first letter (ف) of فَ عَلَُ , and a kasrah on its second letter (ع). It will become فُعِلَُ . Its meaning will change to “he (S/M) was done upon.” This is passive voice ( فِعْلٌُ مََُْهُوْلٌُ ). Similarly, فَ عَلََُ will become فُعِلََُ , فَ عَُلُوْا will become فُعِلُوْا , فَ عَلَتُُْ will become فُعِلَتُُْ , and so on. We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in passive voice. These should be memorized with their meanings. Person Gender Plurality English Arabic Third Person (غَائِبٌُ ) Masculine (مُذَكَّرٌُ ) Singular He did. فَ عَلَُ Dual They did. فَ عَلََُ Plural They did. فَ عَلُوْا Feminine (مُؤَنَّثٌُ ) Singular She did. فَ عَلَتُْ Dual They did. فَ عَلَتَا Plural They did. فَ عَلْنَُ Second Person (حَاضِرٌُ ) Masculine (مُذَكَّرٌُ ) Singular You did. فَ عَلْتَُ Dual You did. فَ عَلْتُمَا Plural You did. فَ عَلْتُمُْ Feminine (مُؤَنَّثٌُ ) Singular You did. فَ عَلْتُِ Dual You did. فَ عَلْتُمَا Plural You did. فَ عَلْتَُُّ First Person (مُتَكَلِّمٌُ ) Masculine/ Feminine Singular I did. فَ عَلْتُُ Masculine/ Feminine Dual/ Plural We did. فَ عَلْنَا اَلْفِعْلُ اُلْمَاضِى Table 3.2 Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice ( ا ل فِ ع ل اُل ماضِى اُ ل م ج ه و لُ ) Person Gender Plurality English Arabic Third Person (غَائِبٌُ ) Masculine (مُذَكَّرٌُ ) Singular He was done. فُعِلَُ Dual They were done. فُعِلََُ Plural They were done. فُعِلُوْا Feminine (مُؤَنَّثٌُ ) Singular She was done. فُعِلَتُْ Dual They were done. فُعِلَتَا Plural They were done. فُعِلْنَُ Second Person (حَاضِرٌُ ) Masculine (مُذَكَّرٌُ ) Singular You were done. فُعِلْتَُ Dual You were done. فُعِلْتُمَا Plural You were done. فُعِلْتُمُْ Feminine (مُؤَنَّثٌُ ) Singular You were done. فُعِلْتُِ Dual You were done. فُعِلْتُمَا Plural You were done. فُعِلْتَُُّ First Person (مُتَكَلِّمٌُ ) Masculine/Feminine Singular I was done. فُعِلْتُُ Masculine/Faminine Dual/ Plural We were done. فُُعِلْنَا Having memorized these two tables, the next stage is to identify the verb forms of other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that وَاحِدٌُ مُُذَكّرٌ غَُائِبٌُ of any verb table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is composed of three letters. The first is called فَاء كَُلِمَةٌُ , the second is called عَيُْكَُلِمَةٌُ , and the third is called لََم كَلِمَةٌُ . Now all that remains to be done is to identify which letter of the new verb matches which letter of the basic verb form of the tables given above. Consider, the verb نَصَرَُ (he helped). Comparing this to فَ عَلَُ of Table 3.1, we can see that in this verb, ن is the فَاءكَُلِمَةٌُ , ص is the عَيْكَُلِمَةٌُ , and ر is the لََم كَلِمَةٌُ . Once, this is established, it is easy to compare any of its forms with the rest of table. Below, we are providing a list of the basic forms ( وَاحِدٌُ مُُذَكّرٌُ غَائِبٌُ ) of various verbs and their meanings. Word List English Arabic he helped نَصَرَُ he wrote كَتَبَُ he put (something) وَضَعَُ he ran, he fled ىَرَبَُ he opened فَ تَحَُ he slaughtered ذَبَحَُ he cooked طَبَخَُ he entered دَخَلَُ he joined, he arrived وَصَلَُ he made صَنَعَُ اَلْفِعْلُ اُلْمَاضِى English Arabic he returned رَجَعَُ he read قَ رَأَُ he hit ضَرَبَُ he ate أَكَلَُ he made جَُعَلَُ he asked سَأَلَُ he found وَجَدَُ he filled مَلََُ he sought, he demanded طَلَبَُ he took أَخَذَُ he cut قَطَعَُ he oppressed ظَلَمَُ he saw نَظَرَُ he created خَلَقَُ he imprisoned, he detained حَبَسَُ he went ذَىَبَُ Exercise 1: Translate into English and identify the seeghah. نَصَرُوْا فَتَحَتُْ ضَرَبْتُمُْ دَخَلْتُُ وَضَعَُ صَنَعْتُِ ذَىَبَتَا __________8. وَجَدْتُّنَُّ ذَىَبْتُمَا كَتَبْنَا قَرَأَتُْ طَبَخَا أَكَلْنَُ وَصَلْتَُ ىَرَبوُْا رَجَعْتُمُْ Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic. I wrote. They (P/F) read. You (S/M) found. You (P/F) cooked. They (P/F) cut. We filled. You (P/M) demanded. They (D/M) asked. They (D/F) made. You (S/F) took. You (D/M) ate. I cut. You (P/F) made. They (P/F) ran. You (S/M) went. You (P/M) found. اَلْفِعْلُ اُلْمَاضِى Exercise 3: Translate into English and identify the seeghah. ضُرِبوُْا نُصِرْتُُ ذُبَِِتُْ ظُلِمَتُْ قُطِعَُ نُظِرْتَُ صُنِعُوْا خُلِقْتُمُْ خُلِقْنَا حُبِسْتُمَا وُجِدَتَا سُئِلْتَُُّ فِعْلٌ، فَُاعِلٌ، مَُفْعُوْلٌُ

Arabic Past Tense Verb 3

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