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Arabic Noun and its Types اَلاسْمُ وَأَنْوَاعُهُ

Noun and its Types – اَلاسْمُ وَأَنْوَاعُهُ

Introduction –مُقَدِّمَةٌ

  • Please note that in addition to the language, we will also cover several Islamic phrases and terms in this lesson to benefit our Muslim students.  We would request that our students who are not Muslim also be patient while we cover these phrases and we invite them to use this as an opportunity to learn about Islam which is a key part of Arab culture.
  • In Arabic a meaningful word is divided into three categories namely Noun اَلاسْمُ, Verb اَلْفِعْلُ and Particle اَلْحَرْفُ. In this lesson we will In-Shā’-Allâh learn the noun and its types i.e., اَلاسْمُ وَأَنْوَاعُهُ but first of all let us define the noun:
    • “A word that names a person, place, or thing, as in “Khalid”, “museum” or “book”.
  • Definiteness and Indefiniteness (“The” and “a”):
    • In this lesson we will In-Shā’-Allâh learn the definite and indefinite nouns and their types. A noun is either definite i.e. الْمَعْرِفَةُ or indefinite i.e., اَلنَّكِرَةُ.   An indefinite noun can be defined as “The name of an unspecific person, place or thing” e.g., a man رَجُلٌ, a book كِتَابٌ, a city مَدِينَةٌ, and a cow بَقَرَةٌ.   A definite noun can be defined as “The name of a specific person, place or thing” e.g., Muhammad مُحَمَّدٌ, Makkah مَكَّةُ, or Black-Stone اَلْحَجَرُ الأَسْوَدُ.
  • Gender and Number:
    • A noun can be categorized into two categories with respect to its gender i.e.: Masculine اَلْمُذَكَّرُ and feminine اَلْمُؤَنَّثُ.
    • Unlike English nouns, Arabic nouns can be categorized into three categories with respect to number i.e., Singular الْمُفْرَدُ, Dual الْمُثنَّى and Plural اَلْجَمْعُ.
  • In the previous lessons we have studied these categories but in the next lessons we will learn about them in more detail, In-Shā’-Allâh (God Willing).
  • There are very specific rules for definite and indefinite nouns in the Arabic language – we will learn these later In-Shā’-Allâh (God Willing)
  • A definite Arabic noun has six types namely:

Noun and its Types – اَلاسْمُ وَأَنْوَاعُهُ

  • In this part of lesson we will learn the first type of the definite noun i.e., Proper Noun اَلْعَلَمُ and its cases In-Shā’-Allâh. 
  • A proper noun is the name of a specific person, thing or place e.g., Hamid حَامِدٌ, Qur’an قُرْآنٌ, Madinah مَدِينَةٌ.  Proper nouns can include the names of countries,  people, states, tribes, rivers or oceans and the mountains. The proper nouns اَلْعَلَمُ take the cases similar to the ordinary nouns i.e., Double đammah when in nominative case, Double Fatħah when in accusative case and Double Kasrah when in genitive case.
  • However the proper nouns which are Diptotes follow the rule of diptotes that we have read in previous lessons.
  • Let’s take some examples for this rule:

English

Transliteration

Arabic

Ahmad is brave

Aħmadu Shuĵaξun

أَحْمدُ شُجاَعٌ.

Fatima is at the shore of the Red Ocean

Fāŧimatu ξala Shāŧi’i al Baħr-il-Aħmari

فَاطِمَةُ عَلَى شَاطِئِ الْبَحْرِ الأَحْمَرِ.

I rubbed the Black Stone

Masaħtu Al ħaĵara al Aswada

مَسَحْتُ الْحَجَرَ الأَسْوَدَ.

I drank the Zamzam Water

Sharibtu Mā’a Zamzama

شَرِبْتُ مَاءَ زَمْزَمَ.

This is Tariq Mountain

Hādhā Ĵabalu ŧâriqin

هَذَا جَبَلُ طَارِقٍ.

 
 

Pronouns and their Types – اَلضَّمَائِرُ وَأَنْوَاعُهَا

  • In this section we will learn the Pronouns, In-Shā’-Allâh (God-willing).
  • In the previous lessons we have learnt that in Arabic language there are two types of Pronouns namely Attached Pronouns اَلضَّمائِرُ الْمُتَّصِلَةُ and Detached Pronouns اَلضَّمَائِرُ الْمُنْفَصِلَةُ.
  • Similar to the English Language, the Arabic Pronouns are divided by 1st. person ( I / We), 2nd. person (You) and 3rd. person (He / She / They).

Example:

Person

Arabic

I / We

1st.

الضَّمَائِرُ لِلْمُتَكَلِّمِ

You

2nd.

الضَّمَائِرُ لِلْمُخَاطَبِ

He / She / They

3rd.

الضَّمَائِرُ لِلْغَائِبِ

  • We can see the detached pronouns that we normally use for the different persons below as well as the attached pronouns which we will cover in more detail below.

Attached Pronoun:

Meaning:

Singular / Plural / Dual

Gender of person:

Arabic:

Person:

ي

I

Singular

Masculine or Feminine

أَنَا

1st

نَا

We

Plural

Masculine or Feminine

نَحْنُ

كَ

You

Singular

Masculine

أَنْتَ

2nd

كُمَا

You

Dual

Masculine

أَنْتُمَا

كُمْ

You

Plural

Masculine

أَنْتُمْ

كِ

You

Singular

Feminine

أَنْتِ

كُمَا

You

Dual

Feminine

أَنْتُمَا

كُنَّ

You

Plural

Feminine

أَنْتُنَّ

هُ

He

Singular

Masculine

هُوَ

3rd

هَا

She

Singular

Feminine

هِيَ

هُما

They

Dual

Masculine and Feminine

هُمَا

هُمْ

They

Plural

Masculine

هُمْ

هُنَّ

They

Plural

Feminine

هُنَّ

o   The Attached Pronoun for 1st Person Singular is ي for both masculine and feminine e.g., حَقِيبَتِي  (my bag (fem.)) and for Plural it is نَا for both the masculine and feminine دِينُنَا  (our religion)

    • The Attached Pronouns for 2nd Person are as follows:
      • 2nd Person Singular Male = كَ e.g., بَيْتُكَ meaning “Your house”
      • 2nd Person Singular Female = كِ e.g., كِتَابُكِ meaning “Your book”
      • 2nd Person Dual for both masculine and feminine = كُمَا e.g., مَكْتَبُكُمَا meaning “Desk of both of you”
      • 2nd Person Plural masculine = كُمْ e.g., أُسْتَاذُكُمْ meaning “The teacher of all of you”.
      • 2nd Person Plural feminine = كُنَّ e.g., غُرْفَتُكُنَّ meaning “The room of all of you”
    • The Attached Pronouns for 3rd Person are as follows:
      • 3rd Person Singular Male = هُ e.g., مِسْطَرَتُهُ meaning “His ruler”
      • 3rd Person Singular Female = هَا e.g., مَطْبَخُهَا meaning “Her kitchen”
      • 3rd Person Dual for both masculine and feminine = هُمَا e.g., مَدْرَسَتُهُمَا meaning “School of both of them”
      • 3rd Person Plural masculine = هُمْ e.g., مَلْعَبُهُمْ meaning “Their play ground”.
      • 3rd Person Plural feminine = هُنَّ e.g., وَاجِبُهُنَّ meaning “Their duty” 
  • It must be remembered however that the noun followed by the attached pronoun is always a definite noun and therefore it does not take a double vowel.  
  • Let’s review some examples to understand this rule:

Picture

Translation

Arabic

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

He is the owner of the house.

This is his house

هُوَ مَالِكُ الْمَنْزِلِ.

هَذَا بَيْتُهُ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

They have come to Egypt

These are their hotels.

هُمْ حَضَرُوا إِلَى مِصْرَ.

هَذِهِ فَنَادِقُهُمْ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

You are a student and Muhammad is your teacher

أَنْتَ تِلْمِيذٌ ومُحَمَّدٌ أُسْتَاذُكَ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

You and your colleagues have read the book

أنْتِ وَزَمِيلاتُكِ قَرَأْتُنَّ الْكِتَابَ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

I am Khalid and China is my country

أَنَا خَالِدٌ وَالصِّينُ بَلَدِي.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

Muhammad and I are colleagues, our houses are near the Masjid

أَنَا وَمُحَمَّدٌ زَمِيلانِ بُيُوتُنَا عِنْدَ الْمَسْجِدِ.

 
 

Introduction – مُقَدِّمَةٌ

  • In this lesson, we will learn about the Demonstrative Pronouns أَسْماءُ الإِشَارَةِ and Relative Pronouns الأَسْمَاءُ الْمَوْصُولَةُ in detail.
  • In previous lessons we have learnt the basics of the Demonstrative Pronouns (see Lesson 1, Lesson 2, Lesson 6, Lesson 7|L007_001.html||, Lesson 13, & Lesson 18) and Relative Pronouns in (Lesson 9, & Lesson 12).
  • “A Demonstrative Pronoun is a noun that represents the near or the distant object.
    • We know that in English “This” is used to point to the near singular object and “That” is used for the distant object and “These” is used to point towards the near Plural Objects and “Those” is used for the Distant Objects. However different nouns are not used for the Dual (in English language) and there is no difference of gender i.e., the same nouns are used for the masculine as well as the feminine.
    •  In Arabic however, different Demonstrative Pronouns are used for singular, dual and plural objects. Similarly different Nouns are used for the masculine as well as the feminine.

English

Transliteration

Gender/Number

Arabic

Demonstrative

Nouns

This

Hādhā

Masculine/Singular

هَـٰذَا

أَسْمَاءُ الإِشَارَةِ (لِلْقَرِيبِ)

Hādhihi

Feminine/Singular

هَـٰذِهِ

These two

Hādhāni

Masculine/Dual

هَـٰذَانِ

Hātāni

Feminine/Dual

هَـٰاتَانِ

These all

Hā’ulā’i

Masculine & Feminine/ Plural

هَـٰؤُلاءِ

That

Dhālika

Masculine/Singular

ذَلِكَ

أَسْمَاءُ الإِشَارَةِ (لِلْبَعِيدِ)

Tilka

Feminine/Singular

تِلْكَ

Those two

Dhānika

Masculine/Dual

ذَانِكَ

Tānika

Feminine/Dual

تَانِكَ

Those all

‘ulā’ika

Masculine & Feminine/ Plural

أُؤلَـٰئِكَ

    • Following are the examples for the Demonstrative Pronouns:

Picture

English

Arabic

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

This is a book

هَـٰذَا كِتَابٌ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

This is a notebook

هَـٰذِهِ كُرَّاسَةٌ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

That is a cow

تِلْكَ بَقَرَةٌ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

These are two books

هَـٰذَانِ كِتَابَانِ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

These are two cows

هَاتَانِ بَقَرَتَانِ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

These are men

هَـٰؤُلاءِ رِجَالٌ.

Madinaharabic.com lesson image

Those are guests

أُوْلَـٰئِكَ ضُيُوفٌ.

  • “A Relative Pronoun is a noun which refers or relates to some noun preceding it”.
    • The Arabic Relative Pronouns have different forms for singular, dual and plural as well as for masculine and feminine.

English

Transliteration

Gender/Number

Arabic

Relative

Nouns

Who/That

Al-Ladhī

Masculine/Singular

الَّذِي

الأَسْمَاءُ الْمَوْصُولَةُ

Al-Latī

Feminine/Singular

الَّتِي

Those two/Who (dual)

Al-ladhāni

Masculine/Dual

اللَّذَانِ

Al-latāni

Feminine/Dual

اللَّتَانِ

Those all/Who (all)

Al-ladhīna

Masculine/ Plural

الَّذِينَ

Al-Lā’ī

Feminine/Plural

اللائِي

 Let’s take some examples of the Relative Pronouns:

English

Arabic

This is Muhammad who has passed

هَـٰذَا مُحَمَّدٌ الَّذِي نَجَحَ.

This is the door which is in front of the mosque

هَـٰذَا الْبَابٌ الَّذِي أَمَامَ الْمَسْجِدِ.

That is the cat that has sat

هَـٰذَا الْقِطٌّ الَّذِي جَلَسَ.

Those are the brothers who went to the University

أُولَئِكَ الإِخْوَةُ الَّذِينَ ذَهَبُوا إِلَى الْجَامِعَةِ.

 
 
 
 
 
 

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