Arabic Imperative (Positive Command) & Prohibitive (Negative Command) 9

Arabic Imperative (Positive Command) & Prohibitive (Negative Command) 9 LESSON 9 Imperative (Positive Command) & Prohibitive (Negative Command) The command is used to demand an action. That verb which contains a command to do something is called أَُمُْرٌُ , for example, ‘read!’ and ‘write!;’ while that verb which contains a command to not do something is called ن هَُُْيٌُ , as in ‘do not go’ and ‘do not fear.’ The conjugation (verb forms) of second person imperative and second person prohibitive in active voice is being listed below. These must be memorized. Table 9.1 Second Person Imperative in Active Voice ( أ مرٌ حاضِرٌ م ع ر وُفٌُ ) Person Gender Plurality English Arabic Second Person (حَاضِرٌُ ) Masculine (مُذَكَّرٌُ ) Singular (You) Do! اِفْ عَلُْ Dual (You) Do! اِفْ عَلََُ Plural (You) Do! اِفْ عَلُوْا Feminine (مُؤَنَّثٌُ ) Singular (You) Do! اِفِعَلُِيُْ Dual (You) Do! اِفْ عَُلََُ Plural (You) Do! اِفْ عَلُْنَُ Table 9.2 Second Person Prohibitive in Active Voice (ن هيٌ حاضِرٌ م ع ر وفٌُ ) The vowels (harakah) of أ مرٌُ Many times we find أَُمُْرٌُ to be on the pattern of اِفْ عَلُْ as in اِسََْعُْ . However, this is not always the case. Sometimes, it follows the اُفْ عُلُْ pattern as in اُنْصُرُْ , and sometimes the اِفْعُِلُْ pattern as in اِضْرِبُْ . The reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel pattern of أَُمُْرٌُ (and ن هَُُْيٌُ ) is dependent on the (ع) letter of فُِعُْلٌُ مُُُضَُاُرِعٌُ . The (letter of فُِعُْلٌُ مُُُضَُاُرِعٌُ governs the أَُمُْرٌُ in two ways, and ن هَُُْيٌُ in one way. The one way where it governs both أَُمُْرٌُ and ن هَُُْيٌُ is the harakah of the (ع) letter of أَُمُْرٌُ and ن هَُُْيٌُ . Here, the harakah has to correspond exactly. Thus, when the (ع) letter of فُِعُْلٌُ مُُُضَُاُرِعٌُ has a fathah, or kasrah, or dammah, the (ع) letter of أَُمُْرٌُ and ن هَُُْيٌُ will have the same vowel. For example, in يَُسُْمَُعُُ the (ع) letter is (م) and has a fathah. Therefore, in its أَُمُْرٌُ and ن هَُُْيٌُ forms, the (م) will also get a fathah. Its أَُمُْرٌُ will be اِسََْعُْ and its ن هَُُْيٌُ will be لََ تَُسْمَعُْ . In يَضْرِبُُ there is a kasrah under (ر); therefore, its أَُمُْرٌُ and ن هَُُْيٌُ forms will be اِضْرِبُْ and لََ تَُضْرِبُْ Person Gender Plurality English Arabic Second Person (حَاضِرٌُ ) Masculine (مُذَكَّرٌُ ) Singular (You) Don’t do! لََ تَُ فْعَلُْ Dual (You) Don’t do! لََ تَُ فْعَلََُ Plural (You) Don’t do! لََ تَُ فْعَلُوْا Feminine (مُؤَنَّثٌُ ) Singular (You) Don’t do! لََ تَُ فْعَلُِيُْ Dual (You) Don’t do! لََ تَُ فْعَلََُ Plural (You) Don’t do! لََ تَُ فْعَلْنَُ اَلَْْمْرُ وَُ اُلنَّ هْىُُ respectively. In ي نَْصُرُُ there is a dammah on (ص); therefore, its أَُمُْرٌُ and ن هَُُْيٌُ forms will be اُنْصُرُْ and لََ تَُ نْصُرُْ respectively. The other way in which (ع) letter of فُِعُْلٌُ مُُُضَُاُرِعٌُ governs أَُمُْرٌُ is with respect to the alif2 of أَُمُْرٌُ . This alif either gets a kasrah or a dammah. It cannot have a fathah. If the (ع) letter of فُِعُْلٌُ مُُُضَُاُرِعٌُ has a dammah, the alif of أَُمُْرٌُ will also have a dammah. For example, the أَُمُْرٌُ of ي نَْصُرُُ will be اُنْصُرُْ because (ص) is the (ع) letter of فِعْلٌ مُُضَارِعٌُ and it has a dammah. And if the (ع) letter of فُِعُْلٌُ مُُُضَُاُرِعٌُ has a fathah or a kasrah, then in both cases the alif of أَُمُْرٌُ will get a kasrah. For example, the أَُمُْرٌُ of يَضْرِبُُ is اِضْرِبُْ , the أَُمُْرٌُ of يَُسْمَعُُ is اِسََْعُْ , and the أَُمُْرٌُ of يَضْرِبُُ is اِضْرِبُْ . It should be noted that there is no alif in ن هَُُْيٌُ . It is dependent on the (ع) letter of فُِعُْلٌُ مُُُضَُاُرِعٌُ only with respect to the harakah on its own (ع) letter. Word List English Arabic Singular Plural to search بَِْثٌُ he started بَدَأَُ sugar سُكَّرٌُ salt مِلْحٌُ he accepted قَبُِلَُ share (n.) نَصِيْبٌُ نُصُبٌُ 2 It is, in fact, hamzat al-wasl (هَُْزَةُ اُلْوَصْلُِ ). We are calling it alif for the ease of the students because it is generally written as an alif. Lesson 9 64 English Arabic Singular Plural deaf أَُصَمُُّ صُميُ dumb أَُبْكَمُُ بُكْمٌُ blind أَُعْمٰى عُمُْيٌُ guide (command for S/M) اُِىْدُِ derision; mockery ىَزْءٌُ justice; compensation عَدْلٌُ to come down ىَبْطٌُ cat قِطَّةٌُ قِطَطٌُ doll دُمْيَةٌُ دُمًى ball كُرَةٌُ كُرَاتٌُ، كُُرًى mirror مِرْأٰةٌُ مَرَاءٍُ comb مِشْطٌُ أَُمْشَاطٌُ snake حَيَّةٌُ حَيَّاتٌُ scorpion عَقْرَبٌُ عَقَارُِبُُ bull; ox ث وَْرٌُ ثِيْ رَانٌُ but, rather, however بَلُْ mixing مَزْجٌُ sermon وَعْظٌُ act; deed عَمَلٌُ أَُعْمَالٌُ every كُليُ big city مِصْرٌُ أَُمْصَارٌُ bad, evil, wicked خَبِيْثٌُ خُبُثٌُ hotel فُ نْدُقٌُ فَ نَادِقُُ manager; editor مُُدِيْ رٌُ اَلَْْمْرُ وَُ اُلنَّ هْىُُ 65 English Arabic he did, he acted, he worked عَمِلَُ powerful قَدِيْ رٌُ intercession شَفَاعَةٌُ change تَ بَدُّلٌُ he came near قَ رُبَُ he feared اِتَّ قٰى a lot كَثِيْ رًا Exercise 1: Translate into English اِذْىَبُْ لََتَُذْىَبُْ لََتََُْنَعُوْا لََتَُبْدَئُِيُْ اِفْتَُحُِيُْ لََتَُبْحَثْنَُ لََتَُسْمَعُوْا اُِضْحَكُوْا اِعْمَلُوْا اِسََْعَا اِعْلَمَا لََتَُلْعَبَا Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic Don’t go (P/M) to the market, but go to the mosque. Open (S/M) the box. Put (P/M) sugar in the tea. Lesson 9 66 Work (D/M) for yourselves. Don’t laugh (P/M) a lot. Accept (P/F) the advice of your mothers. Don’t make (D/M) a share for Shaytan in your deeds. Don’t (P/M) play with the doll; play (P/M) with the ball. Listen (S/M) to the speech of Allah. Don’t (S/F) play with the mirror and the comb; cook (S/F) the meat. Be cautious (P/F) of the snake and the scorpion. Don’t (D/F) go near the ball; play (D/F) with this cat. Exercise 3: Translate into English. لََتََُْزَنْعَُلَيْهِمْإُُِنهَُّمْصُُميُمبُُكْمٌعُُمُْيٌُفَُهُمْلََُيُرَْجِعُوْنَُ اِىُْدِنَااُلصِّرَاطَاُلْمُسْتَقِيْمَُ لََتَُهْزَءُوْاوَُلََُتَُضْحَكُوْا اِفْعَلُوااُلَْْيْرَوَُاتَّقُوُااُللهَُ اِقْرَءُِيُْوَُلََُتَُلْعَبيُْ اُِعْلَمُوْاأَُُنَّاُللهَعَُلىٰكُُلِّشَُُيُْءٍقَُدِيْرٌُ اِقْبَلُوااُلشَّفَاعَةَُ اِىْبِطُوْامُِصْرًا اُدْخُلُوْاىُٰذِهِاُلْقَرُْيَةَُ لََتَُتَبَدَّلُوااُلَْْبِيْثَبُِالطَّيِّبُِ اِذْىَبُوْامَُعَصَُدِيْقِكُمْإُُِلَاُلْفُنْدُقِوَُاُشْرَبوُْااُللَّبََمَُعَوُُ اِفْتَحُوْابَُابَاُلْبَيْتِوَُاُذْىَبُوْاإُُِلُٰمُُُدِيْرُِاُلَْْرِيْدَةُِ

Arabic Imperative (Positive Command) & Prohibitive (Negative Command) 9

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