Arabic Diptotes

Arabic Diptotes Introduction –مُقَدِّمَةٌ In this lesson we will learn the following In-Shā’-Allâh (God-willing): We will learn about the words which do not have tanwīn i.e.: double Vowel sign in any case. These types of words are called Diptotes in English and اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ in Arabic. There are many reasons that will cause a word to fall under the classification of a diptote. Examples are listed below along with their reason for falling under this classification: English Reason for not having Tanwīn Arabic Fatima (name) Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn فَاطِمَةُ Hasnaa (name) Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn حَسْنَاءُ Hamda (name) Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn حَمْدَى Hamza (name) Masculine Proper nouns ending in "Tā’ Marbūŧah" do not have Tanwīn حَمْزَةُ Anwar (name) Masculine Proper nouns on pattern of أَفْعَلُ do not have Tanwīn أَنْوَرُ Black Adjectives on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ do not have Tanwīn أَسْوَدُ Thirsty Adjectives on the pattern of فَعْلاَنُ do not have Tanwīn عَطْشَانُ Pakistan Non-Arabic Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn بَاكِسْتَانُ Some of the patterns of Broken Plurals do not have Tanwīn e.g.: English Pattern of Broken Plural: Arabic Doctors أَفْعِلاءُ أَطِبَّاءُ Agents فُعَلاءُ وُكَلاءُ Mosques مَفَاعِلُ مَسَاجِدُ Keys مَفَاعِيلُ مَفَاتِيحُ The Un-Nunated Nouns - اَلأَسْمَاءُ غَيْرُ الْمُنَوَّنَةِ In this lesson, we will learn about the words which do not have Tanwīn .i.e., the double vowel sign on the last letter, In-Shā’-Allâh. In Arabic language most of the nouns and adjectives have Tanwīn. However there are certain cases when the Tanwīn is omitted, these include: When the noun or adjective is annexed to the definite article اَلْ: We have already learnt in (Lesson 3_section 1) that when a noun is annexed to the definite article اَلْ then it does not take the double vowel. e.g.: The word كِتَابٌ will become اَلْكِتَابُ The phrase فِي مَسْجِدٍ if annexed to اَلْ will be فِي الْمَسْجِدِ When the noun is Muđâf: We have learnt in (Lesson 5_section 2) that Muđâf is definite by position, therefore it cannot take Tanwīn. e.g.: The word كِتَابٌ if annexed to بِلالٌ it will become كِتَابُ بِلالٍ When a noun is preceded by the Vocative Article يَا: We learnt in (Lesson 5_section 7) that when a noun is preceded by the vocative article, the double vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with a single đammah. e.g.: The word أُسْتَاذٌ - when preceded by the vocative article يَا the double vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with single đammah, so it will become يَا أُسْتَاذُ Let’s review some examples to revise these rules: Picture Translation Reason for un-nunation (removal of Tanwīn) Arabic The big book 'Book' is annexed with the definite article اَلْكِتَابُ الْكَبِيرُ The book of Arabic Language Possessive Expression كِتَابُ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ The husband is in the field Annexed to the definite article فِي الْمَزْرَعَةِ زَوْجٌ. Oh Waheed where did you go? Preceded by Vocative Article يَا وَحِيدُ أَيْنَ ذَهَبْتَ؟ He is the Dean of the University Possessive Expression هُوَ عَمِيدُ الْجَامِعَةِ. Oh girls, where is the food? Preceded by Vocative Article يَا بَنَاتُ، أَيْنَ الطََّعَامُ؟ Introduction – مُقَدِّمَةٌ In this lesson, we will learn the cases of the Diptotes In-Shā’-Allâh (God Willing) i.e., إعْرَابُ الأَسْمَاءِ الْمَمْنُوعَةِ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ: Unlike the ordinary nouns, "The Diptotes" do not take the double vowel mark. Similarly, Diptotes do not take the genitive case /Kasrah/. In the previous lessons we learnt the situations when a noun is in Genitive Case i.e.: When it is /Maĵrūr/ مَجْرُورٌ, i.e., when it is preceded by a preposition (Lesson No. 4 section 3), and When it is a possessed (annexed) noun مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ of the Possessive (Annexation) Expression (Lesson No. 5 section 2) In these situations the noun takes genitive case i.e., Single /Kasrah/ if it is definite مِنَ الْبَيْتِ and double /Kasrah/ if it is indefinite فِي مَسْجِدٍ. However diptotes اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ are the nouns which take /fatħah/ instead of a /Kasrah/ if in genitive case. We have already learnt in the previous lesson i.e., (Lesson 20 section 4) that Diptotes are those nouns or adjectives which never take /tanwīn/ i.e., Double Vowel Mark. So whenever a diptote noun is preceded by a preposition or is /Muđâf Ilaihi/ it will take a /fatħah/ instead of a /Kasrah/ so if we say for example Ahmad's book i.e., كِتَابُ أَحْمَدَ Previously we have learnt only one situation when a noun takes the accusative case (Lesson 15 section 6) and that is: When the noun is object of a verbal sentence مَفْعُولٌ i.e., أَكَلَ خَالِدٌ تُفَّاحًا However, since the diptote does not take /tanwīn/, if it is used as the object of a verbal sentence it will take a single /fatħah/ instead of double vowels e.g., زَارَ طَاهِرٌ مَسَاجِدَ كَثِيرَةً We will learn these rules in more detail in the next sections In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing) Cases of Diptotes - إِعْرَابُ الْمَمْنُوعِ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ In this part of the lesson, we will learn the cases of the Diptotes In-Shā’-Allâh (God Willing) i.e., إعْرَابُ الأَسْمَاءِ الْمَمْنُوعَةِ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ Unlike the ordinary nouns, "The Diptotes" do not take double vowel mark. Similarly, Diptotes do not take /Kasrah/ in the genitive case. We know that the noun takes the genitive case i.e., single /Kasrah/ if it is definite – e.g. مِنَ الْجَامِعَةِ and double /Kasrah/ if it is indefinite e.g. فِي مَسْجِدٍ, when it is in the possessive expression (annexation) or when it is preceded by a preposition. However diptotes اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ take /fatħah/ instead of a /Kasrah/ if in genitive case. We have already learnt in the previous lesson i.e., (Lesson 20 section 4) that Diptotes are those nouns or adjectives which never take /tanwīn/ i.e., Double Vowel Mark. So whenever a diptote noun is preceded by a preposition or is /Muđâf Ilaihi/ it will take a /fatħah/ instead of a /Kasrah/ - for example - Ahmad's book i.e., كِتَابُ أَحْمَدَ The same is the case with all the other groups of diptotes we have learnt so far. Let’s take some examples for this rule: English Transliteration Arabic Where are you from? I am from Pakistan /Min aina Anta/? /Ana min Bakistan/ مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتَ؟ أَنَا مِنْ بَاكِسْتَانَ. What is your name? My name is Anwar /Mas muka/? /Ismi Anwaro/ مَا اسْمُكَ؟ اِسْمِي أَنْوَرُ. With whom did you return? I returned with Athar, he is my friend /Maξa man rajaξta/? /Rajaξtu maξa Aŧhar, huwa ŝadīqī/ مَعَ مَنْ رَجَعْتَ؟ رَجَعْتُ مَعَ أَطْهَرَ، وهُوَ صَدِيقَي. What did you eat in the meal? I ate a fish /Mādhā akalta fil ghadā’i/? /Akaltu samakatan/ مَاذَا أَكَلْتَ فِي الْغَدَاءِ؟ أَكَلْتُ سَمَكَةً. Talha neither drinks in golden nor silver cups. / ŧalħatu lā yashrabua fī fanaĵīna dhahabiyyatin walā fī fanaĵīna fiđđiyyatin/ طَلْحَةُ لا يَشْرَبُ فِي فَنَاجِينَ ذَهَبِيَّةٍ وَلا فِي فَنَاجِينَ فِضِّيَّةٍ. Cases of Diptotes - إِعْرَابُ الْمَمْنُوعِ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ In this section, we will learn the accusative case of diptotes In-Shā’-Allâh (God Willing): Previously we have learnt only one situation when a noun takes the accusative case and that is: When the noun is the object of a verbal sentence مَفْعُولٌ i.e.,أَكَلَ خَالِدٌ تُفَّاحًا However, since the diptote does not take a /tanwīn/, if it is used as the object of a verbal sentence it will take a single /fatħah/ instead of double vowels e.g., زَارَ طَاهِرٌ مَسَاجِدَ كَثِيرَةً Let’s review some examples to understand this rule: Picture Translation Arabic Yusuf entered buildings دَخَلَ يُوسُفُ مَنَازِلَ. The guests went out of hotels خَرَجَ الضُّيُوفُ مِنْ فَنَادِقَ. I bought wooden desks اِشْتَرَيْتُ مَكَاتِبَ خَشَبِيَّةً. Nasir took the keys of the house أَخَذَ نَاصِرٌ مَفَاتِيحَ الْبَيْتِ. The boy bought a black pen اِشْتَرَى الْوَلَدُ قَلَمًا أَسْوَدَ.

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