Imperfective Structures Forms II Through QIV (continued) ♪Ya-i Verbs Represented by form VII in the three introductory examples, these verbs have the prefix ya- and the green vowel i in the active voice (and like all imperfective verbs, the prefix yu- and the green vowel a in the passive voice). Ya-i verbs are the majority of the verb forms. They can be identified by elimination: any verb form that is neither quadriliteral (composed of four letters) nor begins with a reflexive prefix ta- will be a Ya-i verb. The Ya-i verbs are namely the forms VII through XV and forms QIII & QIV . Ya-i Verb Forms Imperfective (Active-Indicative) Perfective (Active) Form VII يَنْفَعِلُ اِنْفَعَلَ yanfa"il(u) 'infa"al(a) Form VIII يَفْتَعِلُ اِفْتَعَلَ yafta"il(u) 'ifta"al(a) Form IX يَفْعَلُّ* اِفْعَلََّ yaf"all(u) 'if"all(a) Form X يَسْتَفْعِلُ اِسْتَفْعَلَ yastaf"il(u) 'istaf"al(a) Form XI يَفْعَاْلُّ* اِفْعَاْلَّ yaf"aall(u) 'if"aall(a) Form XII يَفْعَوْعِلُ اِفْعَوْعَلَ yaf"aw"il(u) 'if"aw"al(a) Form XIII يَفْعَوِّلُ اِفْعَوَّلَ yaf"awwil(u) 'if"awwal(a) Form XIV يَفْعَنْلِلُ اِفْعَنْلَلَ yaf"anlil(u) 'if"anlal(a) Form XV يَفْعَنْلِيْ* اِفْعَنْلَىْ yaf"anliy 'if"anlaa Form QIII يَفْعَنْلِلُ اِفْعَنْلَلَ yaf"anlil(u) 'if"anlal(a) Form QIV يَفْعَلِلُّ* اِفْعَلَلَّ yaf"alill(u) 'if"alall(a) *These are irregular doubled verb. The green vowel is hidden in forms IX & XI and displaced backward in form QIV. The original structures of these forms will be restored only in the feminine plural conjugations. *This verb always conjugates as a defective verb. The final weak A will be transformed to y in the imperfective. Examples on conjugation: Form VIII اِنْزَعَجَ 'inza"aj(a) (He) was/became annoyed المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِنْزَعَجَ :اِنْفَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) become annoyed 'anza"ij(u) أَنْزَعِجُ (You masc.) become annoyed tanza"ij(u) تَنْزَعِجُ (You fem.) become annoyed tanza"ijeen(a) تنْزَعِجِيْنَ (He) becomes annoyed yanza"ij(u) يَنْزَعِجُ (She) becomes annoyed tanza"ij(u) تَنْزَعِجُ D U A L (You) become annoyed tanza"ijaan(i) تَنْزَعِجَاْنِ (They masc.) become annoyed yanza"ijaan(i) يَنْزَعِجَاْنِ (They fem.) become annoyed tanza"ijaan(i) تَنْزَعِجَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) become annoyed nanza"ij(u) نَنْزَعِجُ (You masc.) become annoyed tanza"ijoon(a) تَنْزَعِجُوْنَ (You fem.) become annoyed tanza"ijn(a) تَنْزَعِجْنَ (They masc.) become annoyed yanza"ijoon(a) يَنْزَعِجُوْنَ (They fem.) become annoyed yanza"ijn(a) يَنْزَعِجْنَ Form VIII اِنْتَظَرَ 'intzar(a) (He) waited (tr.) المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِنْتَظَرَ : اِفْتَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) wait 'antazir(u) أَنْتَظِرُ (You masc.) wait tantazir(u) تَنْتَظِرُ (You fem.) wait tantazireen(a) تَنْتَظِرِيْنَ (He) waits yantazir(u) يَنْتَظِرُ (She) waits tantazir(u) تَنْتَظِرُ D U A L (You) wait tantaziraan(i) تَنْتَظِرَاْنِ (They masc.) wait yantaziraan(i) يَنْتَظِرَاْنِ (They fem.) wait tantaziraan(i) تَنْتَظِرَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) wait nantazir(u) نَنْتَظِرُ (You masc.) wait tantaziroon(a) تَنْتَظِرُوْنَ (You fem.) wait tantazirn(a) تَنْتَظِرْنَ (They masc.) wait yantaziroon(a) يَنْتَظِرُوْنَ (They fem.) wait yantazirn(a) يَنْتَظِرْنَ Try conjugating the following verb: اِنْتَصَرَ 'intasar(a) (He) won المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِنْتَصَرَ : اِفْتَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) win 'antasir(u) أَنْتَصِرُ (You masc.) win tantasir(u) تَنْتَصِرُ (You fem.) win tantasireen(a) تَنْتَصِرِيْنَ (He) wins yantasir(u) يَنْتَصِرُ (She) wins tantasir(u) تَنْتَصِرُ D U A L (You) win tantasiraan(i) تَنْتَصِرَاْنِ (They masc.) win yantasiraan(i) يَنْتَصِرَاْنِ (They fem.) win tantasiraan(i) تَنْتَصِرَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) win nantasir(u) نَنْتَصِرُ (You masc.) win tantasiroon(a) تَنْتَصِرُوْنَ (You fem.) win tantasirn(a) تَنْتَصِرْنَ (They masc.) win yantasiroon(a) يَنْتَصِرُوْنَ (They fem.) win yantasirn(a) يَنْتَصِرْنَ The forms that denote color or bodily defect state of the subject (IX & XI) are doubled verbs. They will conjugate regularly except in the feminine plural conjugations where they will need the insertion of an i (the hidden green vowel) between the two doubled letters of the stem. Form IX اِخْضَرَّ 'ikhdarr(a) (He) greened (up) المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِخْضَرَّ : اِفْعَلَّ S I N G U L A R (I) green 'akhdarr(u) أَخْضَرُّ (You masc.) green takhdarr(u) تَخْضَرُّ (You fem.) green takhdarreen(a) تَخْضَرِّيْنَ (He) greens yakhdarr(u) يَخْضَرُّ (She) greens takhdarr(u) تَخْضَرُّ D U A L (You) green takhdarraan(i) تَخْضَرَّاْنِ (They masc.) green yakhdarraan(i) يَخْضَرَّاْنِ (They fem.) green takhdarraan(i) تَخْضَرَّاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) green nakhdarr(u) نَخْضَرُّ (You masc.) green takhdarroon(a) تَخْضَرُّوْنَ (You fem.) green takhdarirn(a) تَخْضَرِرْنَ (They masc.) green yakhdarroon(a) يَخْضَرُّوْنَ (They fem.) green yakhdarirn(a) يَخْضَرِرْنَ Form XI اِحْمَاْرَّ 'ihmaarr(a) (He) reddened (up) (much) المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِحْمَاْرَّ : اِفْعَاْلَّ S I N G U L A R (I) green 'ahmaarr(u) أَحْمَاْرُّ (You masc.) green tahmaarr(u) تَحْمَاْرُّ (You fem.) green tahmaarreen(a) تَحْمَاْرِّيْنَ (He) greens yahmaarr(u) يَحْمَاْرُّ (She) greens tahmaarr(u) تَحْمَاْرُّ D U A L (You) green tahmaarraan(i) تَحْمَاْرَّاْنِ (They masc.) green yahmaarraan(i) يَحْمَاْرَّاْنِ (They fem.) green tahmaarraan(i) تَحْمَاْرَّاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) green nahmaarr(u) نَحْمَاْرُّ (You masc.) green tahmaarroon(a) تَحْمَاْرُّوْنَ (You fem.) green tahmaarirn(a) تَحْمَاْرِرْنَ (They masc.) green yahmaarroon(a) يَحْمَاْرُّوْنَ (They fem.) green yahmaarirn(a) يَحْمَاْرِرْنَ Form X اِسْتَعْمَلَ 'ista"mal(a) (He) used المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِسْتَعْمَلَ :اِسْتَفْعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) use 'asta"mil(u) أَسْتَعْمِلُ (You masc.) use tasta"mil(u) تَسْتَعْمِلُ (You fem.) use tasta"mileen(a) تَسْتَعْمِليْنَ (He) uses yasta"mil(u) يَسْتَعْمِلُ (She) uses tasta"mil(u) تَسْتَعْمِلُ D U A L (You) use tasta"milaan(i) تَسْتَعْمِلانِ (They masc.) use yasta"milaan(i) يَسْتَعْمِلانِ (They fem.) use tasta"milaan(i) تَسْتَعْمِلانِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) use nasta"mil(u) نَسْتَعْمِلُ (You masc.) use tasta"miloon(a) تَسْتَعْمِلوْنَ (You fem.) use tasta"miln(a) تَسْتَعْمِلْنَ (They masc.) use yasta"miloon(a) يَسْتَعْمِلُوْنَ (They fem.) use yasta"miln(a) يَسْتَعْمِلْنَ Form QIV is also a doubled verbs like forms IX & XI; however, the green short vowel here is not hidden but is rather displaced backward. In the feminine plural conjugations, the original form of QIV verbs ('if"allal(a)) must be restored before conjugation; or, in another way of saying it, the green short vowel must be restored to its original place in the feminine plural conjugations. Form QIV اِطْمَأَنَّ 'itma'ann(a) (He) was/became reassured المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِطْمَأَنَّ :اِفْعَلَلَّ S I N G U L A R (I) become reassured 'atma'inn(u) أَطْمَئِنُّ (You masc.) become reassured tatma'inn(u) تَطْمَئِنُّ (You fem.) become reassured tatma'inneen(a) تَطْمَئِنِّيْنَ (He) becomes reassured yatma'inn(u) يَطْمَئِنُّ (She) becomes reassured tatma'inn(u) تَطْمَئِنُّ D U A L (You) become reassured tatma'innaan(i) تَطْمَئِنّانِ (They masc.) become reassured yatma'innaan(i) يَطْمَئِنّانِ (They fem.) become reassured tatma'innaan(i) تَطْمَئِنّانِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) become reassured natma'inn(u) نَطْمَئِنّ (You masc.) become reassured tatma'innoon(a) تَطْمَئِنّوْنَ (You fem.) become reassured tatma'<ninn(a) تَطْمَئْنِنَّ (They masc.) become reassured yatma'innoon(a) يَطْمَئِنُّونَ (They fem.) become reassured yatma'<ninn(a) يَطْمَئْنِنَّ Imperfective Conjugation Yu-i Verbs Forms II, III, IV, & QI four forms with four letters Ya-a Verbs Forms V, VI & QII prefix ta- Ya-i Verbs Forms VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, QIII & QIV Everything else Imperfective Conjugation Ya-a Active voice of forms I, V, VI & QII Ya-i Active voice of forms I, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, QIII & QIV Ya-u Active voice of form I Yu-i Active voice of forms II, III, IV, & QI Yu-a Passive voice of all forms Arabic Verbs Imperfective (Active-Indicative) Perfective (Active) Form I يَفْعلُ فَعلَ yaf"?l(u) fa"?l(a) Form II يُفَعِّلُ فَعَّلَ yufa''"il(u) fa''"al(a) Form III يُفَاْعِلُ فَاْعَلَ yufaa"il(u) faa"al(a) Form IV يُفْعِلُ أَفْعَلَ yuf"il(u) 'af"al(a) Form V يَتَفَعَّلُ تَفَعَّلَ yatafa''"al(u) tafa''"al(a) Form VI يَتَفَاْعَلُ تَفَاْعَلَ yatafaa"al(u) tafaa"al(a) Form VII يَنْفَعِلُ اِنْفَعَلَ yanfa"il(u) 'infa"al(a) Form VIII يَفْتَعِلُ اِفْتَعَلَ yafta"il(u) 'ifta"al(a) Form IX يَفْعَلُّ اِفْعَلََّ yaf"all(u) 'if"all(a) Form X يَسْتَفْعِلُ اِسْتَفْعَلَ yastaf"il(u) 'istaf"al(a) Form XI يَفْعَاْلُّ اِفْعَاْلَّ yaf"aall(u) 'if"aall(a) Form XII يَفْعَوْعِلُ اِفْعَوْعَلَ yaf"aw"il(u) 'if"aw"al(a) Form XIII يَفْعَوِّلُ اِفْعَوَّلَ yaf"awwil(u) 'if"awwal(a) Form XIV يَفْعَنْلِلُ اِفْعَنْلَلَ yaf"anlil(u) 'if"anlal(a) Form XV يَفْعَنْلِيْ اِفْعَنْلَىْ yaf"anliy 'if"anlaa Form QII يَتَفَعْلَلُ تَفَعْلَلَ yatafa"lal(u) tafa"lal(a) Form QI يُفَعْلِلُ فَعْلَلَ yufa"lil(u) fa"lal(a) Form QIII يَفْعَنْلِلُ اِفْعَنْلَلَ yaf"anlil(u) 'if"anlal(a) Form QIV يَفْعَلِلُّ اِفْعَلَلَّ yaf"alill(u) 'if"alall(a) Present vs. Future Tense Present vs. Future Tense The imperfective verb on its own can express both the present and future tenses. However, in order to disambiguate between the two tenses, especially in sentences not containing time expressions such as tomorrow, later, etc., Arabic uses the following word before the imperfective when it is meant as a future tense verb: sawf(a) سَوْفَ Future Tense Present/Future Tense سَوْفَ يَفْعَلُ يَفْعَلُ sawf(a) yaf"al(u) yaf"al(u) (He) will do (He) will be doing (He) does (He) is doing (He) will do (He) will be doing This word is similar to the English "will," although it will not necessarily always carry the connotation of prediction or spontaneity as in English. Sawf(a) can often be reduced to sa- ; this happens most of the time in modern standard Arabic. sa- سَـ Future Tense Present/Future Tense سَيَفْعَلُ يَفْعَلُ sa-yaf"al(u) yaf"al(u) (He) will do (He) will be doing (He) does (He) is doing (He) will do (He) will be doing More details will be available in the tense section. Examples: Future Present/Future Past سَوْفَ يَذْهَبُ sawfa yathhab(u) (he) will go يَذْهَبُ yathhab(u) (he) goes (he) will go ذَهَبَ thahab(a) (he) went سَيَذْهَبُ sa-yathhab(u) (he) will go سَوْفَ تَأْتِيْ sawfa ta'<tee (you 1/m) will come تَأْتِيْ ta'<tee (you 1/m) come (you 1/m) will come أَتَيْتَ 'atayt(a) (you 1/m) came سَتَأْتِيْ sa-ta'<tee (you 1/m) will come سَوْفَ أَقُوْلُ sawfa 'aqool(u) (I) will say أَقُوْلُ 'aqool(u) (I) say (I) will say قُلْتُ qult(u) (I) said سَأَقُوْلُ sa-'aqool(u) (I) will say سَوْفَ تَسْمَعِيْنَ sawfa tasma"een(a) (you 1/f) will hear تَسْمَعِيْنَ tasma"een(a) (you 1/f) hear (you 1/f) will hear سَمِعْتِ sami"ti (you 1/f) heard سَتَسْمَعِيْنَ sa-tasma"een(a) (you 1/f) will hear سَوْفَ نَعْرِفُ sawfa na"rif(u) (we) will know نَعْرِفُ na"rif(u) (we) know (we) will know عَرَفْنَاْ "arafnaa (we) knew سَنَعْرِفُ sa-na"rif(u) (we) will know سَوْفَ تَقْرَؤُوْنَ sawfa taqra'oon(a) (you >2/m) will read تَقْرَؤُوْنَ taqra'oon(a) (you >2/m) read (you >2/m) will read قَرَأْتُمْ qara'<tum (you >2/m) read سَتَقْرَؤُوْنَ sa-taqra'oon(a) (you >2/m) will read سَوْفَ يَكْتُبْنَ sawfa yaktubn(a) (they >2/m) will write يَكْتُبْنَ yaktubn(a) (they >2/m) write (they >2/m) will write كَتَبْنَ katabn(a) (they >2/m) wrote سَيَكْتُبْنَ sa-yaktubn(a) (they >2/m) will write سَوْفَ يَتَكَلَّمَاْنِ sawfa yatakallamaan(i) (they 2/m) will speak يَتَكَلَّمَاْنِ yatakallamaan(i) (they 2/m) speak (they 2/m) will speak تَكَلَّمَاْ takallamaa (they 2/m) spoke سَيَتَكَلَّمَاْنِ sa-yatakallamaan(i) (they 2/m) will speak سَوْفَ تَرَيْنَ sawfa tarayn(a) (you >2/f) will see تَرَيْنَ tarayn(a) (you >2/f) see (you >2/f) will see رَأَيْتُنَّ ra'aytunn(a) (you >2/f) saw سَتَرَيْنَ sa-tarayn(a) (you >2/f) will see سَوْفَ تُحَاْوِلانِ sawfa tuhaawilaan(i) (they 2/f) will try تُحَاْوِلانِ tuhaawilaan(i) (they 2/f) try (they 2/f) will try حاوَلَتَاْ haawalataa (they 2/f) tried سَتُحَاْوِلانِ sa-tuhaawilaan(i) (they 2/f) will try سَوْفَ نُسَاْفِرُ sawfa nusaafir(u) (we) will travel نُسَاْفِرُ nusaafir(u) (we) travel (we) will travel سافَرْنَاْ saafarnaa (we) traveled سَنُسَافِْرُ sa-nusaafir(u) (we) will travel سَوْفَ يَصِلُ sawfa yasil(u) (he) will arrive يَصِلُ yasil(u) (he) arrives (he) will arrive وَصَلَ wasal(a) (he) arrived سَيَصِلُ sa-yasil(u) (he) will arrive سَوْفَ تُغَاْدِرُ sawfa turaadir(u) (she) will leave تُغَاْدِرُ turaadir (she) leaves (she) will leave غَادَرَتْ raadarat (she) left (intr.) سَتُغَاْدِرُ sa-turaadir(u) (she) will leave سَوْفَ تَرْكَبَاْنِ sawfa tarkabaan(i) (you 2/m) will ride تَرْكَبَاْنِ tarkabaan(i) (you 2/m) ride (you 2/m) will ride رَكِبْتُمَاْ rakibtumaa (you 2/m) rode سَتَرْكَبَاْنِ sa-tarkabaan(i) (you 2/m) will ride Exercise 1 Can you fill in the missing English pronouns inside the brackets? (?) hurry (up) تسْرعُوْنَ (?) win ينْتَصرْنَ (?) cooperate تتَعَاْونُ (?) try نجَرّبُ (?) try, attempt يحَاْولانِ (?) blue (become blue) تزْرَققْنَ (?) fidget تتَمَلْملُوْنَ (?) blow up تفَجّرَاْنِ (?) make, force (to do) أجْبرُ (?) speak تتَكَلَمِيْنَ (?) use أسْتَخْدمُ (?) become lame يعْرَاْججْنَ (?) commit (do wrong) نرْتَكبُ (?) reiterate تكَرّرِيْنَ (?) mutter يتَمْتمَاْنِ (?) send يرْسلُوْنَ (?) roughen تخْشَوْشنُ Answers (You masc. plu.) hurry (up) تسْرعُوْنَ (They fem. plu.) win ينْتَصرْنَ (You masc. sing.) cooperate (She) cooperates تتَعَاْونُ (We) try نجَرّبُ (They masc. dual) try, attempt يحَاْولانِ (You fem. plu.) blue (become blue) تزْرَققْنَ (You masc. plu.) fidget تتَمَلْملُوْنَ (You dual) blow up (They fem. dual) blow up تفَجّرَاْنِ (I) make, force (to do) أجْبرُ (You fem. sing.) speak تتَكَلَمِيْنَ (I) use أسْتَخْدمُ (They fem. plu.) become lame يعْرَاْججْنَ (We) commit (do wrong) نرْتَكبُ (You fem. sing.) reiterate تكَرّرِيْنَ (They masc. dual) mutter يتَمْتمَاْنِ (They masc. plu.) send يرْسلُوْنَ (You masc. sing.) roughen (She) roughens تخْشَوْشنُ Exercise 2 Can you tell the missing vowel-marks in the Arabic words of the previous example? Answers Form IV تُسْرِعُوْنَ Form VIII يَنْتَصِرْنَ Form VI تَتَعَاْوَنُ Form II نُجَرِّبُ Form III يُحَاْوِلانِ Form IX تَزْرَقِقْنَ Form QII تَتَمَلْمَلُوْنَ Form II تُفَجِّرَاْنِ Form VI أُجْبِرُ Form V تَتَكَلَّمِيْنَ Form X أَسْتَخْدِمُ Form XI يَعْرَاْجِجْنَ Form VIII نَرْتَكِبُ Form II تُكَرِّرِيْنَ Form QI يُتَمْتِمَاْنِ Form IV يُرْسِلُوْنَ Form XII تَخْشَوْشِنُ Imperfective Structures (continued) Conjugation of Irregular Verbs Verbs Imperfective Structures (continued) Conjugation of Irregular Verbs For description of irregular verb types, you may go here 1) Doubled Verbs Doubled verbs are verbs that end with a shadda(t), which indicates doubled consonants without a vowel in between. The imperfective doubled verbs will need to be restored to their original forms in the feminine plural conjugations. A point we made when we defined the doubled verbs is that there are two types of them; ones that have an omitted short vowel from between the doubled letters (-CvCvC → -CvCC, most of the verb forms) and ones that have a displaced-back short vowel (-CCvC → -CvCC, only forms I, IV, X & QIV in the imperfective). This distinction is important in the imperfective because this vowel we are talking about is the changeable green short vowel of the imperfective structure. For the doubled verbs with an omitted short vowel, there will not be a green short vowel in the imperfective because it is omitted. It will appear only when we restore the verbs to their original forms in the feminine plural conjugations. For the doubled verbs with a displaced-back short vowel, there will be a green short vowel but it will be displaced back in the structure. It will move back to its original position only when we restore the verb to its original form in the feminine plural conjugations. Example, the form VIII verb: Original Form Doubled Verb اِشْتَدَدَ اِشْتَدَّ 'ishtadad(a) 'ishtadd(a) (He) intensified (intr.) A form VIII verb is a Ya-i verb. However, when this verb is turned into an imperfective, there will be no chance for the green short vowel to show itself because it is deleted: Original Form Doubled Verb يَشْتَدِدُ يَشْتَدُّ yashtadid(u) yashtadd(u) (He) intensifies (intr.) The full conjugation: المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِشْتَدَّ : اِفْتَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) intensify 'ashtadd(u) أَشْتَدُّ (You masc.) intensify tashtadd(u) تَشْتَدُّ (You fem.) intensify tashtaddeen(a) تَشْتَدِّيْنَ (He) intensifies yashtadd(u) يَشْتَدُّ (She) intensifies tashtadd(u) تَشْتَدُّ D U A L (You masc.) intensify tashtaddaan(i) تَشْتََدَّاْنِ (They masc.) intensify yashtaddaan(i) يَشْتَدَّاْنِ (They fem.) intensify tashtaddaan(i) تَشْتََدَّاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) intensify nashtadd(u) نَشْتَدُّ (You masc.) intensify tashtaddoon(a) تَشْتَدُّوْنَ (You fem.) intensify tashtadidn(a) تَشْتَدِدْنَ (They masc.) intensify yashtaddoon(a) يَشْتَدُّوْنَ (They fem.) intensify yashtadidn(a) يَشْتَدِدْنَ The verb stem is restored to its original form in the feminine plural conjugations to prevent the formation of three-consonant clusters (ddn). This will be the conjugation for all the forms that can be doubled verbs except forms I, IV, X & QIV. For these, the green vowel is displaced not deleted, so it will show up. Example, a form IV verb: Original Form Doubled Verb أَحْبَبَ أَحَبَّ 'ahbab(a) 'ahabb(a) (He) loved/liked A form IV verb is a Yu-i verb. Original Form Doubled Verb يُحْبِبُ يُحِبُّ yuhbib(u) yuhibb(u) (He) loves/likes المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) أَحَبَّ : أَفْعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) love 'uhibb(u) أُحِبُّ (You masc.) love tuhibb(u) تُحِبُّ (You fem.) love tuhibbeen(a) تُحِبِّيْنَ (He) loves yuhibb(u) يُحِبُّ (She) loves tuhibb(u) تُحِبُّ D U A L (You masc.) love tuhibbaan(i) تُحِبَّاْنِ (They masc.) love yuhibbaan(i) يُحِبَّاْنِ (They fem.) love tuhibbaan(i) تُحِبَّاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) love nuhibb(u) نُحِبُّ (You masc.) love tuhibboon(a) تُحِبُّوْنَ (You fem.) love tuhbibn(a) تُحْبِبْنَ (They masc.) love yuhibboon(a) يُحِبُّوْنَ (They fem.) love yuhbibn(a) يُحْبِبْنَ The verb stem is restored to its original form in the feminine plural conjugations. ►Form I Doubled Verbs ►Form I Doubled Verbs Perfective form I doubled verbs have an omitted short vowel. fa"al(a) fa"il(a) → fa"l(a) fa"ul(a) However, if we were to omit the vowel in the imperfective, we would get the following: yaf"al(u) yaf"il(u) → yaf"l(u) yaf"ul(u) Because the a between the first two root-letters is deleted in the imperfective, we would get yaf"l(u) which contains a three-consonant cluster that is unpronounceable. Therefore, they had to keep the green short vowel in these verbs, but since the resultant structure contained -CCvC, like forms IV, X & QIV, they treated it in a similar manner and displaced the green vowel back -CCvC → -CvCC. yaf"al(u) yafa"l(u) yaf"il(u) → yafi"l(u) yaf"ul(u) yafu"l(u) Example, the verb: Original Form Doubled Verb عَدَدَ عَدَّ "adad(a) "add(a) (He) counted This is an u verb, it will become: Original Form Doubled Verb يَعْدُدُ يَعُدُّ ya"dud(u) ya"udd(u) (He) counts المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) عَدَّ : فَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) count 'a"udd(u) أَعُدُّ (You masc.) count ta"udd(u) تَعُدُّ (You fem.) count ta"uddeen(a) تَعُدِّيْنَ (He) counts ya"udd(u) يَعُدُّ (She) counts ta"udd(u) تَعُدُّ D U A L (You masc.) count ta"uddaan(i) تَعُدَّاْنِ (They masc.) count ya"uddaan(i) يَعُدَّاْنِ (They fem.) count ta"uddaan(i) تَعُدَّاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) count na"udd(u) نَعُدُّ (You masc.) count ta"uddoon(a) تَعُدُّوْنَ (You fem.) count ta"dudn(a) تعْدُدْنَ (They masc.) count ya"uddoon(a) يَعُدُّوْنَ (They fem.) count ya"dudn(a) يَعْدُدْنَ The verb stem is restored to its original form in the feminine plural conjugations. Thus, form I doubled verbs change from verbs with an omitted vowel in the perfective to verbs with a displaced-back vowel in the imperfective. Note that imperfective form I doubled verbs are mostly u verb. There are few that are i or a verbs and most of these are classical verbs. Some a and i verbs: Imperfective Perfective yazall(u) يَظَلُّ zall(a) ظَلَّ (he) remains/stays (he) remained/stayed yamall(u) يَمَلًُّ mall(a) مَلَّ (he) becomes bored (he) became bored yakall(u) يَكَلَّ kall(a) كَلَّ (he) becomes worn out (he) became worn out yafirr(u) يَفِرَّ farr(a) فَرَّ (he) escapes (he) escaped yakhiff(u) يَخِفُّ khaff(a) خَفَّ (he) becomes light (he) was/became light yaqill(u) يَقِلُّ qall(a) قَلَّ (he/it) becomes few/little (he/it) was/became few/little yahinn(u) يَحِنَّ hann(a) حَنَّ (he) yearns (he) yearned yarinn(u) يَرِنَّ rann(a) رَنَّ (he) rings (he) rang ya'inn(u) يَئِنَّ 'ann(a) أَنَّ (he) moans (he) moaned More examples of i verbs: Yaf"il(u)→ yafi"l(u) شَبَّ حَرَّ جَلَّ شَذَّ خَرَّ شَطَّ شَحَّ فَحَّ حَبَّ جَدَّ نَسَّ دَمَّ دَرَّ Conjugation of Doubled Verbs Perfective Imperfective 1st person untie 1st person don't untie 2nd person untie 2nd person untie only with the feminine plural 3rd person untie only with the feminine plural 3rd person untie only with the feminine plural Conjugation of Doubled Verbs Perfective Imperfective Forms I, VII, VIII, IX & XI omitted short vowel Forms VII, VIII, IX & XI omitted short vowel Forms IV, X & QIV displaced-back short vowel Forms I, IV, X & QIV displaced-back short vowel 2) Mithaal Verbs 2) Mithaal Verbs Mithaalverbs are verbs whose first original letter is a weak letter. These verbs conjugate regularly in the perfective. In the imperfective, they conjugate regularly in all the forms but forms I & IV. In these two forms, the conjugation can be regular or irregular depending on whether the first original letter is y or w. ►Form I Mithaal Verbs Y Mithaal Verbs Form I Mithaalverbs whose first original is y conjugate regularly. These verbs are rare. Example: يَبِسَ yabis(a) (he) dried up, hardened (intr.) (He) hardened yabis(a) يَبِسَ (He) hardens yaybas(u) يَيْبَسُ المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) يَبِسَ : فََعِلَ S I N G U L A R (I) harden 'aybas(u) أَيْبَسُ (You masc.) harden taybas(u) تَيْبَسُ (You fem.) harden taybaseen(a) تَيْبَسِيْنَ (He) hardens yaybas(u) يَيْبَسُ (She) hardens taybas(u) تَيْبَسُ D U A L (You masc.) harden taybasaan(i) تَيْبَسَاْنِ (They masc.) harden yaybasaan(i) يَيْبَسَاْنِ (They fem.) harden taybasaan(i) تَيْبَسَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) harden naybas(u) نَيْبَسُ (You masc.) harden taybasoon(a) تَيْبَسُوْنَ (You fem.) harden taybasn(a) تيْبَسْنَ (They masc.) harden yaybasoon(a) يَيْبَسُوْنَ (They fem.) harden yaybasn(a) يَيْبَسْنَ W Mithaal Verbs Form I Mithaalverbs whose first original is w will lose the w in the imperfective if the green vowel of the imperfective is i . If the vowel is a , it will mostly be kept except in some verbs whose second or third root-letters are guttural or throat letters. If the green vowel is u, the w will not be lost. I. i Verbs These are the most common of Mithaal verbs. The w of these verbs will be always lost. Example: وَجَدَ wajad(a) (he) found (He) found wajad(a) وَجَدَ (He) finds yawjid(u) يَوْجِدُ (He) finds yajid(u) يَجِدُ المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) وَجَدَ : فَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) find 'ajid(u) أَجِدُ (You masc.) find tajid(u) تَجِدُ (You fem.) find tajideen(a) تَجِدِيْنَ (He) finds yajid(u) يَجِدُ (She) finds tajid(u) تَجِدُ D U A L (You masc.) find tajidaan(i) تَجِدَاْنِ (They masc.) find yajidaan(i) يَجِدَاْنِ (They fem.) find tajidaan(i) تَجِدَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) find najid(u) نَجِدُ (You masc.) find tajidoon(a) تَجِدُوْنَ (You fem.) find tajidn(a) تَجِدْنَ (They masc.) find yajidoon(a) يَجِدُوْنَ (They fem.) find yajidn(a) يَجِدْنَ Try conjugating the following i verb: وَعَدَ wa"ad(a) (He) promised المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) وَعَدَ : فَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) promise 'a"id(u) أَعِدُ (You masc.) promise ta"id(u) تَعِدُ (You fem.) promise ta"ideen(a) تَعِدِيْنَ (He) promises ya"id(u) يَعِدُ (She) promises ta"id(u) تَعِدُ D U A L (You) promise ta"idaan(i) تَعِدَاْنِ (They masc.) promise ya"idaan(i) يَعِدَاْنِ (They fem.) promise ta"idaan(i) تَعِدَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) promise na"id(u) نَعِدُ (You masc.) promise ta"idoon(a) تَعِدُوْنَ (You fem.) promise ta"idn(a) تَعِدْنَ (They masc.) promise ya"idoon(a) يَعِدُوْنَ (They fem.) promise ya"idn(a) يَعِدْنَ Imperfective Perfective ya"id(u) يَعِدُ wa"ad(a) وَعَدَ (he) promises (he) promised yasif(u) يَصِفُ wasaf(a) وَصَفَ (he) describes (he) described yasil(u) يَصِلُ wasal(a) وَصَلَ (he) arrives (he) connects (he) arrived (he) connected yaqif(u) يَقِفُ waqaf(a) وَقَفَ (he) stands up (he) stops (he) stood up (he) stopped yathiq(u) يَثِقُ wathiq(a) وَثِقَ (he) trusts (intr.) (he) trusted (intr.) yajib(u) يَجِبُ wajab(a) وَجَبَ (he) becomes necessary Fr. il faut (he) was/became necessary Fr. il fallait II. a Verbs The w will be kept in the majority of these verbs. However, the verbs that are commonly used in modern Arabic are usually ones in which the w will be lost (verbs like put, fall, tread, and bestow). Example, a classical verb: وَجِلَ wajil(a) (he) was/became afraid (He) became afraid wajil(a) وَجِلَ (He) becomes afraid yawjal(u) يَوْجَلُ المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) وَجِلَ : فَعِلَ S I N G U L A R (I) become afraid 'awjal(u) أَوْجَلُ (You masc.) become afraid tawjal(u) تَوْجَلُ (You fem.) become afraid tawjaleen(a) تَوْجَلِيْنَ (He) becomes afraid yawjal(u) يَوْجَلُ (She) becomes afraid tawjal(u) تَوْجَلُ D U A L (You masc.) become afraid tawjalaan(i) تَوْجَلانِ (They masc.) become afraid yawjalaan(i) يَوْجَلانِ (They fem.) become afraid tawjalaan(i) تَوْجَلانِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) become afraid nawjal(u) نَوْجَلُ (You masc.) become afraid tawjaloon(a) تَوْجَلُوْنَ (You fem.) become afraid tawjaln(a) تَوْجَلْنَ (They masc.) become afraid yawjaloon(a) يَوْجَلُوْنَ (They fem.) become afraid yawjaln(a) يَوْجَلْنَ A basic verb of formal Arabic is the verb "to put:" وَضَعَ wada"(a) (he) put (He) put wada"(a) وَضَعَ (He) puts yawda"(u) يَوْضَعُ (He) puts yada"(u) يَضَعُ المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) وَضَعَ : فَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) put 'ada"(u) أَضَعُ (You masc.) put tada"(u) تَضَعُ (You fem.) put tada"een(a) تَضَعِيْنَ (He) puts yada"(u) يَضَعُ (She) puts tada"(u) تَضَعُ D U A L (You masc.) put tada"aan(i) تَضَعَاْنِ (They masc.) put yada"aan(i) يَضَعَاْنِ (They fem.) put tada"aan(i) تَضَعَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) put nada"(u) نَضَعُ (You masc.) put tada"oon(a) تَضَعُوْنَ (You fem.) put tada"n(a) تَضَعْنَ (They masc.) put yada"oon(a) يَضَعُوْنَ (They fem.) put yada"n(a) يَضَعْنَ Imperfective Perfective yaqa"(u) يَقَعَ waqa"(a) وَقَعَ (he) falls (he) fell yata'(u) يَطَأُ wati'(a) وَطِئَ (he) treads (he) treaded yahab(u) يَهَبَ wahab(a) وَهَبَ (he) bestows (he) bestowed yawja"(u) يَوْجَعُ waji"(a) وَجِعَ (he) hurts (he) hurt, caused pain yawhal(u) يَوْحَلُ wahil(a) وَحِلَ (he) becomes muddy (he) became muddy The a verbs that will lose the w are the following: Yaw"al(u)→ ya"al(u) وَطِئَ وَضَعَ وَسِعَ وَذَرَ وَدَعَ وَلَغَ وَزَعَ وَلَعَ وَهَبَ وَقَعَ III. u Verbs These are rare verbs. وَشُكَ washuk(a) (he) was/became about to (He) was about to washuk(a) وَشُكَ (He) is about to yawshuk(u) يَوْشُكُ المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) وَشُكَ : فَعُلَ S I N G U L A R (I) am about to 'awshuk(u) أَوْشُكُ (You masc.) are about to tawshuk(u) تَوْشُكُ (You fem.) are about to tawshukeen(a) تَوْشُكِيْنَ (He) is about to yawshuk(u) يَوْشُكُ (She) is about to tawshuk(u) تَوْشُكُ D U A L (You masc.) are about to tawshukaan(i) تَوْشُكَاْنِ (They masc.) are about to yawshukaan(i) يَوْشُكَاْنِ (They fem.) are about to tawshukaan(i) تَوْشُكَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) are about to nawshuk(u) نَوْشُكُ (You masc.) are about to tawshukoon(a) تَوْشُكُوْنَ (You fem.) are about to tawshukn(a) تَوْشُكْنَ (They masc.) are about to yawshukoon(a) يَوْشُكُوْنَ (They fem.) are about to yawshukn(a) يَوْشُكْنَ ►Form IV Mithaal Verbs W Mithaal Verbs Form IV Mithaalverbs whose first original is w conjugate regularly. Example: أَوَشَكَ 'awshak(a) (he) was/became about to (He) was about to 'awshak(a) أَوْشَكَ (He) is about to yuwshik(u) = yooshik(u) يُوْشِكُ المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) أَوْشَكَ : أَفْعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) am about to 'uwshik(u) أُوْشِكُ (You masc.) are about to tuwshik(u) تُوْشِكُ (You fem.) are about to tuwshikeen(a) تُوْشِكِيْنَ (He) is about to yuwshik(u) يُوْشِكُ (She) is about to tuwshik(u) تُوْشِكُ D U A L (You masc.) are about to tuwshikaan(i) تُوْشِكَاْنِ (They masc.) are about to yuwshikaan(i) يُوْشِكَاْنِ (They fem.) are about to tuwshikaan(i) تُوْشِكَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) are about to nuwshik(u) نُوْشِكُ (You masc.) are about to tuwshikoon(a) تُوْشِكُوْنَ (You fem.) are about to tuwshikn(a) تُوْشِكْنَ (They masc.) are about to yuwshikoon(a) يُوْشِكُوْنَ (They fem.) are about to yuwshikn(a) يُوْشِكْنَ Y Mithaal Verbs The y of form IV Mithaalverbs will become w in the imperfective due to a phonological reason. Example: أَيْقَنَ 'ayqan(a) (he) was/became certain (He) became certain 'ayqan(a) أَيْقَنَ (He) becomes certain yuyqin(u) يُيْقِنُ (He) becomes certain yuwqin(u) = yooqin(u) يُوْقِنُ المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) أَيْقَنَ : أَفْـعَـلَ S I N G U L A R (I) become certain 'uwqin(u) أُوْقِنُ (You masc.) become certain tuwqin(u) تُوْقِنُ (You fem.) become certain tuwqineen(a) تُوْقِنِيْنَ (He) becomes certain yuwqin(u) يُوْقِنُ (She) becomes certain tuwqin(u) تُوْقِنُ D U A L (You masc.) become certain tuwqinaan(i) تُوْقِنَاْنِ (They masc.) become certain yuwqinaan(i) يُوْقِنَاْنِ (They fem.) become certain tuwqinaan(i) تُوْقِنَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) become certain nuwqin(u) نُوْقِنُ (You masc.) become certain tuwqinoon(a) تُوْقِنُوْنَ (You fem.) become certain tuwqinn(a) تُوْقِنَّ (They masc.) become certain yuwqinoon(a) يُوْقِنُوْنَ (They fem.) become certain yuwqinn(a) يُوْقِنَّ Imperfective Perfective yuwqiz(u) يُوْقِظُ 'ayqaz(a) أَيْقَظَ (he) wakes up (tr.) (he) woke up (tr.) yuwni"(u) يُوْنِعُ 'ayna"(a) أَيْنَعَ (he) ripens (intr.) (he) ripened (intr.) yuw'is(u) يُوْئِسُ 'ay'as(a) أَيْأَسَ (he) makes desperate (he) made desperate ►Form VIII Mithaal Verbs Whether w or y, the first original letter of a form VIII Mithaalverb will become a t in all the verbs and verbids derived from the root, including perfective and imperfective verbs, participles, verbal nouns, etc. This transition was explained in this page. Example: اِتَّسَعَ 'ittasa"(a) (He) had room (He) became roomy(er) The root is : و س عW S "o (He) had room 'ittasa"(a) اِتَّسَعَ (He) has room yattasi"(u) يَتَّسِعُ المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِتَّسَعَ :اِفْتَعَلََ S I N G U L A R (I) have room 'attasi"(u) أَتَّسِعُ (You masc.) have room tattasi"(u) تَتَّسِعُ (You fem.) have room tattasi"een(a) تَتَّسِعِيْنَ (He) has rooms yattasi"(u) يَتَّسِعُ (She) has rooms tattasi"(u) تَتَّسِعُ D U A L (You) have room tattasi"aan(i) تَتَّسِعَاْنِ (They masc.) have room yattasi"aan(i) يَتَّسِعَاْنِ (They fem.) have room tattasi"aan(i) تَتَّسِعَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) have room nattasi"(u) نَتَّسِعُ (You masc.) have room tattasi"oon(a) تَتَّسِعُوْنَ (You fem.) have room tattasi"n(a) تَتَّسِعْنَ (They masc.) have room yattasi"oon(a) يَتَّسِعُوْنَ (They fem.) have room yattasi"n(a) يَتَّسِعْنَ Mithaal Verb Conjugation Form Perfective Imperfective I waf?l(a) yafil(u) yafal(u) rare yawfal(u) rarer in modern standard Arabic yawful(u) rarest yaf?l(a) yayf?l(u) IV 'awfal(a) yuwfil(u) 'ayfal(a) VIII 'iwta"al(a) → 'itta"al(a) yatta"ill(u) 'iyta"al(a) → 'itta"al(a) Verbs Imperfective Structures Conjugation of Irregular Verbs (continued) Verbs Imperfective Structures Conjugation of Irregular Verbs (continued) For description of irregular verb types, you may go here 3) Hollow Verbs Hollow verbs are verbs whose second original letter is a weak letter. Unlike the perfective hollow verbs, imperfective hollow verbs will not always transform the middle weak letter (the w or y) into a weak 'alif. As was explained before, this transformation happens only when the short vowel preceding the weak letter is a short A. Whereas this is always the case in the perfective, in the imperfective this vowel is changeable and thus the weak letter will not be always transformed into a weak A. ►Form I Form I hollow verbs have a displaced-back short vowel in the imperfective. This vowel is the changeable green short of the imperfective verbs. Thus, these verbs will have a changeable middle long vowel depending on the green vowel of the verb. Example: قَاْلَ qaal(a) (He) said The root is : ق و لQ W L By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form I, we get: (He) says yaqwul(u) يَقْوُلُ As we said when we defined the hollow verbs in this page, the combination -CCvC becomes -CvCC in the hollow and doubled verbs. So form I imperfective verbs belong to the second type of those verbs, in which the short vowel following the weak letter will be displaced back rather than omitted. This is different from the perfective form I hollow and doubled verbs which are ones with an omitted short vowel. So the verb will become: (He) says yaquwl(u) = yaqool(u) يَقُوْلُ The verb has a long U vowel in the middle, corresponding to the green vowel u. The full conjugation: المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) قَاْلَ : فَـعَـلَ S I N G U L A R (I) say 'aquwl(u) أَقُوْلُ (You masc.) say taquwl(u) تَقُوْلُ (You fem.) say taquwleen(a) تَقُوْلِيْنَ (He) says yaquwl(u) يَقُوْلُ (She) says taquwl(u) تَقُوْلُ D U A L (You) say taquwlaan(i) تَقُوْلانِ (They masc.) say yaquwlaan(i) يَقُوْلانِ (They fem.) say taquwlaan(i) تَقُوْلانِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) say naquwl(u) نَقُوْلُ (You masc.) say taquwloon(a) تَقُوْلُوْنَ (You fem.) say taquln(a) تَقُلْنَ (They masc.) say yaquwloon(a) يَقُوْلُوْنَ (They fem.) say yaquln(a) يَقُلْنَ Notice that the middle long vowel (uw = oo) becomes the corresponding short vowel (u) in the feminine plural conjugations. This will happen with all the imperfective hollow verbs when are in these conjugations. Another example: بَاْعَ baa"(a) (He) sold The root is: B Y " بي ع By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form I, we get: (He) sells yabyi"(u) يَبْيِعُ By displacing the i backward, we get: (He) sells yabiy"(u) = yabee"(u) يَبِيْعُ The verb has a long I vowel in the middle, corresponding to the green vowel i. Full conjugation: المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) بَاْعَ : فَـعَـلَ S I N G U L A R (I) sell 'abiy"(u) أَبِيْعُ (You masc.) sell tabiy"(u) تَبِيْعُ (You fem.) sell tabiy"een(a) تَبِيْعِيْنَ (He) sells yabiy"(u) يَبِيْعُ (She) sells tabiy"(u) تَبِيْعُ D U A L (You) sell tabiy"aan(i) تَبِيْعَاْنِ (They masc.) sell yabiy"aan(i) يَبِيْعَاْنِ (They fem.) sell tabiy"aan(i) تَبِيْعَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) sell nabiy"(u) نَبِيْعُ (You masc.) sell tabiy"oon(a) تَبِيْعُوْنَ (You fem.) sell tabi"n(a) تَبِعْنَ (They masc.) sell yabiy"oon(a) يَبِيْعُوْنَ (They fem.) sell yabi"n(a) يَبِعْنَ The middle long vowel (iy = ee) becomes the corresponding short vowel (i) in the feminine plural conjugations. Now we will take an a verb: خَاْفَ khaaf(a) (He) feared The root is: KH W F خ و ف By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form I, we get: (He) fears yakhwaf(u) يَخْوَفُ By displacing the a backward, we get: (He) fears yakhawf(u) يَخَوْفُ We mentioned before the rule of aw→ aa , ay→ aa. By applying this rule here, we get: (He) fears yakhaaf(u) يَخَاْفُ So whether the original weak letter is w or y, we will always get a long A (aa) in the middle of an a imperfective hollow verb. The full conjugation: المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) خَاْفَ : فَـعَـلَ S I N G U L A R (I) fear 'akhaaf(u) أَخَاْفُ (You masc.) fear takhaaf(u) تَخَاْفُ (You fem.) fear takhaafeen(a) تَخَاْفِيْنَ (He) fears yakhaaf(u) يَخَاْفُ (She) fears takhaaf(u) تَخَاْفُ D U A L (You) fear takhaafaan(i) تَخَاْفَاْنِ (They masc.) fear yakhaafaan(i) يَخَاْفَاْنِ (They fem.) fear takhaafaan(i) تَخَاْفَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) fear nakhaaf(u) نَخَاْفُ (You masc.) fear takhaafoon(a) تَخَاْفُوْنَ (You fem.) fear takhafn(a) تَخَفْنَ (They masc.) fear yakhaafoon(a) يَخَاْفُوْنَ (They fem.) fear yakhafn(a) يَخَفْنَ The middle long vowel (aa) becomes the corresponding short vowel (a) in the feminine plural conjugations. Imperfective hollow verbs whose middle weak letter is w are always verbs u or a verbs, but not i verbs. Imperfective hollow verbs whose middle weak letter is y are always verbs i or a verbs, but not u verbs. Hollow Verb Conjugation (Form I) Original Form Actual Form yafwul(u) yafuwl(u) yafyul(u) does not exist yafyil(u) yafiyl(u) yafwil(u) does not exist yafwal(u) yafaal(u) yafyal(u) Fawal(a)→ yafuwl(u) دَاْخَ خَاْنَ جَاْلَ ثَاْرَ تَاْقَ تَاْبَ رَاْحَ ذَاْقَ ذَاْبَ دَاْمَ دَاْسَ دَاْرَ سَاْقَ سَاْدَ سَاْءَ زَاْلَ زَاْرَ رَاْمَ غَاْرَ عَاْدَ طَاْلَ طَاْفَ صَاْنَ صَاْمَ قَاْدَ فَاْقَ فَاْزَ فَاْرَ فَاْتَ غَاْصَ مَاْتَ لامَ لاذَ لاحَ قَاْمَ قَاْلَ هَاْنَ نَاْحَ نَاْبَ Fayal(a)→ yafiyl(u) زَاْنَ ذَاْعَ جَاْءَ تَاْهَ بَاْتَ شَاْخَ شَاْبَ سَاْلَ سَاْرَ سَاْحَ ضَاْعَ صَاْرَ صَاْدَ صَاْحَ شَاْعَ عَاْشَ عَاْبَ طَاْرَ طَاْبَ ضَاْقَ هَاْجَ مَاْلَ مَاْعَ غَاْبَ Fa"il(a)→ yafaal(u) yanaam(u) يَنَاْمُ naam(a) نَاْمَ (he) sleeps (he) slept yakhaaf(u) يَخَاْفُ khaaf(a) خَاْفَ (he) fears (he) feared yashaa'(u) يَشَاْءُ naal(a) شَاْءَ (he) wants (he) wanted yanaal(u) يَنْاَلُ naal(a) نَاْلَ (he) gets (he) got yahaab(u) يَهَاْبُ haab(a) هَاْبَ (he) becomes awed (he) was/became awed yaraar(u) يَغَاْرُ raar(a) غَاْرَ (he) becomes jealous (he) was/became jealous yakhaal(u) يَخْاَلُ khaal(a) خَاْلَ (he) thinks (object) to be takes two object (he) thought (object) to be takes two object yakaad(u) يَكَاْدُ kaad(a) كَاْدَ (he) is about to (do) verb of approach (he) almost (did) verb of approach Now let us conjugate the rest of the verb forms. The verb forms other than form I that can be hollow verbs are forms IV, VII, VIII & X. To conjugate those, one will need to keep in mind the differentiation between the forms with an omitted short vowel (-CvCvC → -CvCC) and the forms with a displaced-back short vowel (-CCvC → -CvCC). Conjugation of Hollow Verbs Perfective Imperfective Forms I, VII, VIII omitted short vowel Forms VII, VIII omitted short vowel Forms IV, X displaced-back short vowel Forms I, IV, X displaced-back short vowel ►Forms VII & VIII Example, اِنْقَاْدَ 'inqaad(a) (he) was/became led The root is: Q W D ق و د By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form VII, we get: (He) becomes led yanqawid(u) يَنْقَوِدُ By omitting the i, we get: (He) becomes led yanqawd(u) يَنْقَوْدُ By applying the rule of aw→ aa, we get the final form: (He) becomes led yanqaad(u) يَنْقَاْدُ The same would be true for ay→ aa. Thus, these verbs will always have a middle long A instead of the weak letter and the green vowel following it. The same process will be applied to form VIII hollow verbs. The full conjugation: المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِنْقَاْدَ : اِنْفَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) become led 'anqaad(u) أَنْقَاْدُ (You masc.) become led tanqaad(u) تَنْقَاْدُ (You fem.) become led tanqaadeen(a) تَنْقَاْدِيْنَ (He) becomes led yanqaad(u) يَنْقَاْدُ (She) becomes led tanqaad(u) تَنْقَاْدُ D U A L (You masc.) become led tanqaadaan(i) تَنْقَاْدَاْنِ (They masc.) become led yanqaadaan(i) يَنْقَاْدَاْنِ (They fem.) become led tanqaadaan(i) تَنْقَاْدَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) become led nanqaad(u) نَنْقَاْدُ (You masc.) become led tanqaadoon(a) تَنْقَاْدُوْنَ (You fem.) become led tanqadn(a) تَنْقَدْنَ (They masc.) become led yanqaadoon(a) يَنْقَاْدُوْنَ (They fem.) become led yanqadn(a) يَنْقَدْنَ As it is always, the middle long vowel (aa) becomes the corresponding short vowel (a) in the feminine plural conjugations. ►Forms IV & X Example, أَرَاْدَ 'araad(a) (he) wanted The root is : ر و دR W DI By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form IV, we get: (He) wants yurwid(u) يُرْوِدُ By displacing the a backward, we get: (He) wants yuriwd(u) يُرِوْدُ Knowing that iw becomes iy in hollow verbs, we get the final from: (He) wants yuriyd(u) يُرِيْدُ Thus, these verbs will always have a middle long I in their middles. The same is true for form X hollow verbs. The full conjugation: المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) أَرَاْدَ : أَفْعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) want 'uriyd(u) أُرِيْدُ (You masc.) want turiyd(u) تُرِيْدُ (You fem.) want turiydeen(a) تُرِيْدِيْنَ (He) wants yuriyd(u) يُرِيْدُ (She) wants turiyd(u) تُرِيْدُ D U A L (You) want turiydaan(i) تُرِيْدَاْنِ (They masc.) want yariydaan(i) يُرِيْدَاْنِ (They fem.) want turiydaan(i) تُرِيْدَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) want nuriyd(u) نُرِيْدُ (You masc.) want turiydoon(a) تُرِيْدُوْنَ (You fem.) want turidn(a) تُرِدْنَ (They masc.) want yuriydoon(a) يُرِيْدُوْنَ (They fem.) want yuridn(a) يُرِدْنَ Conjugation of Hollow Verbs All conjugations except the plural feminine Plural feminine conjugations Middle long vowel Middle short vowel -fool- -ful- -feel- -fil- -faal- -fal- Conjugation of Hollow Verbs Form I -f"ul- -fool- -f"il- -feel- -f"al- -faal- Form VII -faal- Form VIII Form IV -feel- Form X Extra Note: Modern vs. Classical Arabic "Classical Arabic" refers to the dialects of Arabic that were spoken from about the 6th to the 9th century. Modern formal or standard Arabic is a modernized form of Arabic that is primarily derived from classical western Arabian Arabic; it began during the Arab renaissance era in the 19th century and was called then اللُّغَةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ الْفُصْحَىْ = "the most eloquent Arabic language." Classical Arabic is much more diverse and rich in vocabulary than modern Arabic. One example of this appears in verb conjugation. For the example, the verb: مَاْتَ maat(a) (He) died Root: M W T م و ت This is an u verb in Modern Arabic. The imperfective is: يَمُوْتُ yamuwt(u) (He) dies However, in Classical Arabic, this same verb could also be an i or a verb, so it had three variant forms: "(He) dies" Classical Arabic Modern Standard Arabic yamuwt(u) yamuwt(u) yamiyt(u) yamaat(u) 4) Defective Verbs 4) Defective Verbs Defective verbs are verbs whose last original letter is a weak letter. Defective imperfective verbs can end with ى or with apparent ي y or و w. They cannot end with ا as there is no imperfective verb with less than four letters. Imperfective defective verbs are similar to the perfective ones in that the vowel preceding the final weak letter will determine its form. The general rule is similar to that of the imperfective hollow verbs: If the final original weak letter (the w or y) is preceded by an u , the ending of the verb will be -uw (the corresponding long vowel). If the final original weak letter is preceded by an i , the ending of the verb will be -iy. If the final original weak letter is preceded by an a, it will be changed to a weak A, and the ending of the verb will be -aa. Because form I defective verbs can have u, i or a before the final weak letter, they can end with -uw,-iy or -aa, respectively. The rest of the forms can be classified as follows: Yu-i Verbs (forms II, III, IV, & QI): always have i, so always end with -iy. Ya-a Verbs (forms V, VI & QII): always have a, so always end with -aa. Ya-i Verbs (the rest of the forms): always have i, so always end with -iy. I. Verbs Ending With -iy / -uw ►Form I Example, perfective: نَمَاْ namaa (He) grew (intr.) The root is: ن م وN M W I By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form I, we get: (He) grows yanmuw(u) يَنْمُوُ Since the green vowel is u, the ending of the verb will be -uw . The final -u (the mood-sign) will be deleted because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel: (He) grows yanmuw يَنْمُوْ The mood-sign is said to be "estimated" مُقَدَّرَةٌ in this case, which means it is "imagined" to be there but it is not apparent. For the rest of the conjugations, the only irregularity is that the final long vowel will be deleted in the 2nd person feminine singular and the masculine plural conjugations. المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) نَمَاْ : فَـعَـلَ S I N G U L A R (I) grow 'anmuw أَنْمُوْ (You masc.) grow tanmuw تَنْمُوْ (You fem.) grow tanmeen(a) تَنْمِيْنَ (He) grows yanmuw يَنْمُوْ (She) grows tanmuw تَنْمُوْ D U A L (You) grow tanmuwaan(i) تَنْمُوَاْنِ (They masc.) grow yanmuwaan(i) يَنْمُوَاْنِ (They fem.) grow tanmuwaan(i) تَنْمُوَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) grow nanmuw نَنْمُوْ (You masc.) grow tanmoon(a) تَنْمُوْنَ (You fem.) grow tanmuwn(a) تَنْمُوْنَ (They masc.) grow yanmoon(a) يَنْمُوْنَ (They fem.) grow yanmuwn(a) يَنْمُوْنَ Another example: بَكَىْ bakaa (He) cried The root is: بك يB K Y I By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form I, we get: (He) cries yabkiy(u) يَبْكِيُ Since the green vowel is i, the ending of the verb will be -iy. The final -u will be deleted because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel: (He) cries yabkiy يَبْكِيْ The case-sign is said to be "estimated" مُقَدَّرَةٌ in this case, which means it is imagined to be there but not apparent. For the rest of the conjugations, the only irregularity is that the final long vowel will be deleted in the 2nd person feminine singular and the masculine plural conjugations. المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) بَكَىْ : فَـعَـلَ S I N G U L A R (I) cry 'abkiy أَبْكِيْ (You masc.) cry tabkiy تَبْكِيْ (You fem.) cry tabkeen(a) تَبْكِيْنَ (He) cries yabkiy يَبْكِيْ (She) cries tabkiy تَنْمُوْ D U A L (You) cry tabkiyaan(i) تَبْكِيَاْنِ (They masc.) cry yabkiyaan(i) يَبْكِيَاْنِ (They fem.) cry tabkiyaan(i) تَبْكِيَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) cry nabkiy نَبْكِيْ (You masc.) cry tabkoon(a) تَبْكُوْنَ (You fem.) cry tabkiyn(a) تَبْكِيْنَ (They masc.) cry yabkoon(a) يَبْكُوْنَ (They fem.) cry yabkiyn(a) يَبْكِيْنَ Try conjugating the following u verb: سَمَاْ samaa (He) rose solemnly المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) سَمَاْ : فَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) rise 'asmuw أَسْمُوْ (You masc.) rise tasmuw تَسْمُوْ (You fem.) rise tasmeen(a) تَسْمِيْنَ (He) rises yasmuw يَسْمُوْ (She) rises tasmuw تَسْمُوْ D U A L (You) rise tasmuwaan(i) تَسْمُوَاْنِ (They masc.) rise yasmuwaan(i) يَسْمُوَاْنِ (They fem.) rise tasmuwaan(i) تَسْمُوَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) rise nasmuw نَسْمُوْ (You masc.) rise tasmoon(a) تَسْمُوْنَ (You fem.) rise tasmuwn(a) تَسْمُوْنَ (They masc.) rise yasmoon(a) يَسْمُوْنَ (They fem.) rise yasmuwn(a) يَسْمُوْنَ Form I perfective verbs ending with -aa that is transformed from -aw(ـَاْ) often end with -uw in the imperfective, and sometimes -aa (ـَىْ ). Verbs whose endings in the perfective are -aa that are transformed from -ay(ـَىْ) often end with -iyin the imperfective, and sometimes -aa(ـَىْ ). Note that in words with more than three letters, a final weak A will be always transcribed as (ـَىْ ). ►Forms Other Than Form I Imperfective defective verbs of forms other than form I will all end with -iy except forms V, VI & QII which will end with -aa. There are no forms that can end with -uwother than form I. Example, form VIII perfective: اِنْتَهَىْ 'intahaa (He) ended, finished The root is: ن هـ يN H Y I By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form VIII, we get: (He) finishes yantahiy(u) يَنْتَهِيُ The final -u is deleted because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel: (He) finishes yantahiy يَنْتَهِيْ For the rest of the conjugations, the only irregularity is that the final long vowel will be deleted in the 2nd person feminine singular and the masculine plural conjugations. المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) اِنْتَهَىْ : اِفْتَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) finish 'antahiy أَنْتَهِيْ (You masc.) finish tantahiy تَنْتَهِيْ (You fem.) finish tantaheen(a) تَنْتَهِِيْنَ (He) finishes yantahiy يَنْتَهِيْ (She) finishes tantahiy تَنْتَهِيْ D U A L (You) finish tantahiyaan(i) تَنْتَهِيَاْنِ (They masc.) finish yantahiyaan(i) يَنْتَهِيَاْنِ (They fem.) finish tantahiyaan(i) تَنْتَهِيَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) finish nantahiy نَنْتَهِيْ (You masc.) finish tantahoon(a) تَنْتَهُوْنَ (You fem.) finish tantahiyn(a) تَنْتَهِيْنَ (They masc.) finish yantahoon(a) يَنْتَهُوْنَ (They fem.) finish yantahiyn(a) يَنْتَهِيْنَ The conjugation process of form VIII defective verbs is the same for all the verb forms except forms V, VI & QII which end with -aa. II. Verbs Ending With -aa Those can only be forms V, VI or QII, in addition to form I verbs that havea after the second root-letter. They end only with ى but not ا as there is no imperfective verb with less than four letters. In the dual and feminine plural conjugations, the ى will be always transformed to y regardless of its true origin. ►Form I Example: نَسِيَ nasiy(a) (He) forgot The root is : ن س يN S Y I By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form I, we get: (He) forgets yansay(u) يَنْسَيُ Since the green vowel is a, the weak letter y will become a weak A, and the final -u will be deleted because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel: (He) forgets yansaa يَنْسَىْ For the 2nd person feminine singular conjugation, the final weak A will be deleted, but the short a before the deleted weak A will be preserved, thus making the resultant suffix -ayn(a)rather than -iyn(a). (He) forgets yansaa يَنْسَىْ (Thou fem.) forgets tansaaiyn(a) تَنْسَىِيْنَ (Thou fem.) forgets tansayn(a) تَنْسَيْنَ For the masculine plural conjugations, the final weak A will be deleted, but the short a before it will not, thus making the resultant suffix -awn(a)rather than -uwn(a). (He) forgets yansaa يَنْسَىْ (They masc.) forget yansaauwn(a) يَنْسَاُوْنَ (They masc.) forget yansawn(a) يَنْسَوْنَ For the dual and feminine plural conjugations, the final weak A will be transformed to y when adding the suffixes. (He) forgets yansaa يَنْسَىْ (They two) forget yansaaaan(i) يَنْسَاَاْنِ (They two) forget yansayaan(i) يَنْسَيَاْنِ (He) forgets yansaa يَنْسَىْ (They fem.) forget yansaan(a) يَنْسَاْنَ (They fem.) forget yansayn(a) يَنْسَيْنَ The full conjugation: المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) نَسِيَ : فَعِلَ S I N G U L A R (I) forget 'ansaa أَنْسَىْ (You masc.) forget tansaa تَنْسَىْ (You fem.) forget tansayn(a) تنْسَيْنَ (He) forgets yansaa يَنْسَىْ (She) forgets tansaa تَنْسَىْ D U A L (You) forget tansayaan(i) تَنْسَيَاْنِ (They masc.) forget yansayaan(i) يَنْسَيَاْنِ (They fem.) forget tansayaan(i) تَنْسَيَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) forget nansaa نَنْسَىْ (You masc.) forget tansawn(a) تَنْسَوْنَ (You fem.) forget tansayn(a) تَنْسَيْنَ (They masc.) forget yansawn(a) يَنْسَوْنَ (They fem.) forget yansayn(a) يَنْسَيْنَ Form I perfective verbs ending with -iy(a)often end with -aa(ـَىْ ) in the imperfective. Verbs whose endings are -uw(a) in the perfective are very rare and end with -uwin the imperfective. ►Forms Other Than Form I Example, form V perfective: تَمَنَّىْ tamannaa (He) wished The root is : م ن يM N Y I By applying the root to the imperfective formula of form V, we get: (He) wishes yatamannay(u) يَتَمَنَّيُ Since the green vowel is a, the weak letter y will become a weak A, and the final -u will be deleted because a long vowel cannot be followed by any vowel: (He) wishes yatamannaa يَتَمَنَّىْ The rest of conjugations are like those explained above for form I ending with -aa. المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) تَمَنَّىْ : تَفَعَّلَ S I N G U L A R (I) wish 'atamannaa أَتَمَنَّىْ (You masc.) wish tatamannaa تََتَمَنَّىْ (You fem.) wish tatamannayn(a) تَتَمَنَّيْنَ (He) wishes yatamannaa يَتَمَنَّىْ (She) wishes tatamannaa تََتَمَنَّىْ D U A L (You) wish tatamannayaan(i) تََتَمَنَّيَاْنِ (They masc.) wish yatamannayaan(i) يَتَمَنَّيَاْنِ (They fem.) wish tatamannayaan(i) تََتَمَنَّيَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) wish natamannaa نََتَمَنَّىْ (You masc.) wish tatamannawn(a) تََتَمَنَّوْنَ (You fem.) wish tatamannayn(a) تََتَمَنَّيْنَ (They masc.) wish yatamannawn(a) يَتَمَنَّوْنَ (They fem.) wish yatamannayn(a) يَتَمَنَّيْنَ Endings of Imperfective Defective Verbs (3rd Person Masculine Singular) Form I -iw(u) -iy ـِيْ -iy(u) -uw(u) -uw ـُوْ -uy(u) -aw(u) -aa ـَىْ -ay(u) Forms V, VI & QII -aa ـَىْ Remaining Forms -iy ـِيْ Conjugation of Imperfective Defective Verbs 3rd person masculine singular Dual and feminine plural 2nd person feminine singular Masculine plural -iy(u) -iy-suffix ----iyn(a) ----uwn(a) -uw(u) -uw-suffix ----iyn(a) ----uwn(a) -aa -ay-suffix ----ayn(a) ----awn(a) Fa"aa→ yaf"uw شَكَاْ بَدَاْ دَنَاْ تَلا نَمَاْ عَدَاْ رَجَاْ صَفَاْ عَلا رَنَاْ غَلا طَفَاْ سَلا Fa"aa→ yaf"iy بَكَىْ سَقَىْ مَضَىْ رَمَىْ مَشَىْ عَنَىْ مَرَىْ فَلَىْ حَمَىْ غَلَىْ هَوَىْ لَوَىْ كَوَىْ عَوَىْ رَوَىْ Fa"aa→ yaf"aa نَحَاْ رَأَىْ طَغَىْ رَعَىْ سَعَىْ IV. Enfolding Verbs Enfolding verbs are two types: Verbs that have a middle and final weak original letters C-C-C Verbs that have a first and final weak original letters C-C-C The first type enfolds the definitions of both hollow and defective verbs, yet it is always treated as a defective verb only, and the middle weak letter is treated as if it were a sound letter. Example: أَوَىْ 'awaa (He) took refuge (in), stayed (at) The root is :' W Y Iأ و ي This is an i verb. المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) أَوَىْ : فَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) take refuge 'a'<wiy → 'aawiy آوِيْ* (You masc.) take refuge ta'<wiy تََأْوِيْ (You fem.) take refuge ta'<wiyn(a) تََأْوِيْنَ (He) takes refugees ya'<wiy يَأْوِيْ (She) takes refugees ta'<wiy تََأْوِيْ D U A L (You) take refuge ta'<wiyaan(i) تََأْوِيَاْنِ (They masc.) take refuge ya'<wiyaan(i) يَأْوِيَاْنِ (They fem.) take refuge ta'<wiyaan(i) تََأْوِيَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) take refuge na'<wiy نَأْوِيْ (You masc.) take refuge ta'<wuwn(a) تَأْوُوْنَ (You fem.) take refuge ta'<wiyn(a) تََأْوِيْنَ (They masc.) take refuge ya'<wuwn(a) يَأْوُوْنَ (They fem.) take refuge ya'<wiyn(a) يَأْوِيْنَ *The transition 'a'< → 'aa is a general rule of Arabic and not related to the verb being an irregular verb. This transition was mentioned on this page. Enfolding verbs of the first type that end with -aa in the perfective will end with -iy in the imperfective; the ones that end with -iy(a) in the perfective will end with -aa in the imperfective. The second type of the enfolding verbs enfolds the definitions of both Mithaaland defective verbs. These verbs get the dealing of both Mithaal and defective verbs together. Example: وَعَىْ wa"aa (He) understood, comprehended The root is : و ع يW " Y I This is an i verb. المُضَاْرِعُ الْمَرْفُوْعُ Indicative Imperfective (Active Voice) أَوَىْ : فَعَلَ S I N G U L A R (I) understand 'a"iy أَعِي (You masc.) understand ta"iy تََعِيْ (You fem.) understand ta"iyn(a) تََعِيْنَ (He) understands ya"iy يَعِيْ (She) understands ta"iy تََعِيْ D U A L (You) understand ta"iyaan(i) تَعِيَاْنِ (They masc.) understand ya"iyaan(i) يَعِيَاْنِ (They fem.) understand ta"iyaan(i) تََعِيَاْنِ P L U R A L (We dual/plu.) understand na"iy نَعِيْ (You masc.) understand ta"uwn(a) تَعُوْنَ (You fem.) understand ta"iyn(a) تََعِيْنَ (They masc.) understand ya"uwn(a) يَعُوْنَ (They fem.) understand ya"iyn(a) يَعِيْنَ Enfolding Verbs Root: C-C-C Treat as defective verbs Root: C-C-C Treat as Mithaal & defective verbs Where C is a sound consonant, and C is a weak consonant. Exercise (He) extended (tr.) مَدَّ (He) extended (intr.) اِمْتَدَّ (He) continued اِسْتَمَرَّ (He) despaired (a verb) يَئِسَ (He) stood, stopped (i verb) وَقَفَ (He) fell (a verb) وَقَعَ (He) woke up (tr.) أَيْقَظَ (He) won (u verb) فَاْزَ (He) walked, strolled (i verb) سَاْرَ (He) slept (a verb) نَاْمَ (He) chose اِخْتَاْرَ (He) resigned, left a job/duty اِسْتَقَاْلَ (He) remained, stayed (a verb) بَقِيَ (He) ascended (u verb) عَلا (He) bought اِشْتَرَىْ (He) transgressed تَعَدَّىْ (He) fell (i verb) هَوَىْ (He) protected (i verb) وَقَىْ Based on these verbs, can you translate the following to Arabic? (you need not to translate the pronouns in parenthesis) (You masc. sing.) extend (tr.) (They fem. plu.) extend (tr.) (You fem. sing.) extend (intr.) (You fem. plu.) extend (intr.) (We) continue (They fem. plu.) continue (I) despair (I) stand (she) falls (You dual) wake up (tr.) (She) wins (You fem. sing.) walk (You masc. sing.) sleep (They masc. plu.) choose (They fem. plu.) choose (They fem. plu.) resign (They masc. plu.) resign (I) remain (You fem. sing) remain (You fem. plu) remain (We) ascend (You fem. sing.) ascend (They fem. dual) ascend (You masc. sing.) buy (They masc. plu.) buy (You dual) buy (She) transgresses (They fem. plu) transgress (They masc. plu.) transgress (You fem. sing.) fall (They fem. plu.) fall (I) protect (They masc. dual) protect (They masc. plu.) protect (They fem. plu.) protect Answers (You masc. sing.) extend (tr.) تَمُدُّ (They fem. plu.) extend (tr.) يَمْدُدْنَ (You fem. sing.) extend (intr.) تَمْتَدِّيْنَ (You fem. plu.) extend (intr.) تَمْتَدِدْنَ (We) continue نَسْتَمِرُّ (They fem. plu.) continue يَسْتَمْرِرْنَ (I) despair أَيْأَسُ (I) stand أَقِفُ (she) falls تَقَعُ (You dual) wake up (tr.) تُوْقِظَاْنِ (She) wins تَفُوْزُ (You fem. sing.) walk تَسِيْرِيْنَ (You masc. sing.) sleep تَنَاْمُ (They masc. plu.) choose يَخْتَاْرُوْنَ (They fem. plu.) choose يَخْتَرْنَ (They fem. plu.) resign يَسْتَقِلْنَ (They masc. plu.) resign يَسْتَقِيْلُوْنَ (I) remain أَبْقَىْ (You fem. sing) remain تَبْقَيْنَ (You fem. plu) remain تَبْقَيْنَ (We) ascend نَعْلُوْ (You fem. sing.) ascend تَعْلِيْنَ (They fem. dual) ascend تَعْلُوَاْنِ (You masc. sing.) buy تَشْتَرِيْ (They masc. plu.) buy يَشْتَرُوْنَ (You dual) buy تَشْتَرِيَاْنِ (She) transgresses تَتَعَدَّىْ (They fem. plu) transgress يَتَعَدَّيْنَ (They masc. plu.) transgress يَتَعَدَّوْنَ (You fem. sing.) fall تَهْوِيْنَ (They fem. plu.) fall يَهْوِيْنَ (I) protect أَقِيْ (They masc. dual) protect يَقِيَاْنِ (They masc. plu.) protect يَقُوْنَ (They fem. plu.) protect يَقِيْنَ